Evaluating factors influencing heterogeneity in agroforestry adoption and practices within smallholder farms in Rift Valley, Kenya

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Plant Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge for Food Security

Between the elevations of 1000 and 2000 m in the mid-hills of Nepal, over 12 million people subsist on land-holdings of less than 0·5 ha. These farmers have limited access to commercial inputs such as fertilisers and are reliant on organic manures for soil fertility maintenance. Participatory research was conducted with farmers on bari land (upper slope rain-fed crop terraces) in the hill community of Landruk (bench terraces 0–5° slope, 3000–3500 mm annual rainfall, which aimed to develop soil and water management interventions that controlled erosion without resulting in high leaching, and so were effective in minimising total nutrient losses. Interventions tested were the control of water movement through diversion of run-on and planting fodder grasses on terrace risers on bench terraces. The interventions were effective in reducing soil loss from the bari land in comparison with existing farmer practices, but no effect was observed on nutrient losses in solution form through runoff and leaching. Losses of NO3-N in leachate ranged from 17·3 to 99·7 kg ha−1 yr−1, but only 0·7 to 5·6 kg ha−1 yr−1 in runoff. The overall nutrient balance suggests that the system is not sustainable. Fertility is heavily dependent on livestock inputs and if the current trends of declining livestock numbers due to labour constraints continue, further losses in productivity can be expected. However, farmers are interested in interventions that tie ecosystem services with productivity enhancement and farmers' priorities should be used as entry points for promoting interventions that are system compatible and harness niche opportunities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nutrient losses from rain-fed bench terraced cultivation systems in high rainfall areas of the mid-hills of Nepal

Land use management effects on flood flows and sediments – guidance on prediction

This paper presents the main features of a unique decision-support tool developed for selecting tree species in coffee and cocoa agroforestry systems. This tool aims at assisting in the selection of appropriate shade trees taking into account local conditions as well as needs and preferences of smallholder farmers while maximizing ecosystem services from plot to landscape level. This user-friendly and practical tool provides site-specific recommendations on tree species selection via simple graphical displays and is targeted towards extension services and stakeholders directly involved in sustainable agroforestry and adaptation to climate change. The tool is based on a simple protocol to collect local agroforestry knowledge through farmers' interviews and rankings of tree species with respect to locally perceived key ecosystem services. The data collected are first analysed using the BradleyTerry2 package in R, yielding the ranking scores that are used in the decision-support tool. Originally developed for coffee and cocoa systems of Uganda and Ghana, this tool can be extended to other producing regions of the world as well as to other cropping systems. The tool will be tested to see if repeated assessments show consistent ranking scores, and to see if the use of the tool by extension workers improves their shade tree advice to local farmers.

/pdf/turning-local-knowledge-on-agroforestry-into-an-online-43ropxg3dd.pdf

Turning local knowledge on agroforestry into an online decision-support tool for tree selection in smallholders' farms.

Taking local knowledge about trees seriously

The middle hills range in altitude from 1,000 to 2,000m above sea level and occupy about 30% of the land area of Nepal. Upper-slope, rain-fed land (locally called bari) constitutes a major proportion of cultivated land in the middle hills and is particularly vulnerable to nutrient losses through surface soil losses and leaching. These nutrient losses have been regarded as one of the major causes for declining soil fertility and crop productivity in the middle hills. Despite years of efforts, there are very few technological options available to farmers that are effective in reducing such losses. Although some technologies have been found effective in controlling soil erosion, farmers’ adoption of these technologies has been low. As a result, increased emphasis is now being given to a process that combines farmers’ local knowledge and practices with their needs and resources in the development of appropriate soil and water management technologies. This chapter presents experiences of a research project on soil and water management in the middle hills of Nepal. It applies a participatory technology development (PTD) approach to generate appropriate soil and water management interventions that reduce nutrient losses from bari land. The core of the approach lies in combining farmers’ local knowledge and practices with scientists’ knowledge and findings and supporting farmers’ experimentation in developing soil and water management interventions. The process includes four stages: problem identification; knowledge analysis and sharing; farmers’ experimentation; and participatory monitoring and evaluation. The results obtained so far suggest that incorporation of farmers’ knowledge and perspectives in the technology development process, and giving farmers and the farming community a leading role in experimentation and decision-making, not only ensures development of appropriate technologies, but also increases farmers’ empowerment and participation in the whole development process. Using Local Knowledge to Develop Soil and Water Management Interventions 47 USING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE TO DEVELOP SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS FOR MINIMISING SOIL AND NUTRIENT LOSSES IN THE MIDDLE HILLS OF NEPAL1 4 Pratap Shrestha2, Morag McDonald3, Anna Lawrence4, and Fergus Sinclair3 1 This publication is an output from a research project funded by the Department for International Development (UK) (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. [NRSP-R7412]. 2 Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Research and Development (LI-BIRD), P.O. Box 324, Pokhara, Nepal (pratapshrestha@hotmail.com) 3 School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK 4 Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, UK

http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/NatResSys/PD113Chap4.pdf

Using local knowledge to develop soil and water management interventions for minimising soil and nutrient losses in the middle hills of Nepal.

Combining local knowledge in developing soil and water management interventions to minimise soil and nutrient losses in the middle hills of Nepal: Using a Participatory Technology Development approach.

Between the elevations of 1000 and 2000 m in the mid-hills of Nepal, over 12 million people subsist on land-holdings of less than 0.5 hectare. These farmers are have very limited access to commercial inputs such as fertilisers and are reliant on rainfall and organic manures for soil fertility maintenance. In particular, bari lands (upper slope rain-fed crop terraces) in Nepal are increasingly becoming a focus of concern in terms of soil fertility decline and management. Previous work has shown that erosion is important during heavy rainfall events pre- monsoon in April/May and later in the season nutrient losses through leaching are significant. There is a need for soil and water management interventions which utilise locally available resources that control erosion without resulting in high leaching and so are effective in minimising total nutrient losses. Farming alternatives that conserve water and soil are urgently needed in these marginal and fragile hillside environments to sustain soil fertility and hence rural livelihoods. The objective of this project was to ensure that nutrient losses due to leaching and erosion are minimised by devising economically and culturally viable land, soil and water management techniques, building upon the sophisticated local knowledge of the movement of water across soil and existing scientific data, and promoting them through participatory approaches to the design of technologies. To meet this objective, the project worked towards developing a process and methodology by which technology options addressing a common constraint across a range of livelihood and biophysical circumstances could be identified and evaluated. Participatory research was conducted with farmers in three contrasting agro-ecological regions; Nayatola (1000-1500 m asl, 20-25 o slopes, l000 -1500 mm annual rainfall); Landruk (1200-2000 m asl, bench terraces 0-5 o slope, 3000-3500 mm annual rainfall); and Bandipur (550–1000 m asl, bench terraces 0-5 o slope, 1100-1500 mm annual rainfall). The project approach lay in combining farmers' local knowledge and practices with that of scientists' knowledge and findings, and supporting farmers' experimentation in developing soil and water management interventions. The process included six stages: problem identification; knowledge analysis and sharing; farmers' experimentation; monitoring and evaluation; adoption and adaptation; and scaling up. The results obtained suggest that incorporation of farmers' knowledge and perspectives in the technology development process, and giving farmers and farming communities a lead role in experimentation and decision-making not only ensures development of appropriate technologies but also empowers farmers' and increases participation in the process. The hills of Nepal occupy about 51 % of the total agricultural land of the country, and provide shelter to about 52 % of the total population with an average agricultural land holding of less than 1 ha (CBS, 1996; CBS, 1999). The middle hills, that stretch between 1,000 to 2,000 metres asl, occupy about 30% of the land area of Nepal (Carson, 1992). The agricultural land holding in the hills is very small about 46% of the population owning less than 0.5 ha of land - and highly fragmented with about 4 parcels per holding (CBS, 1996). Crops are cultivated mainly on rain-fed upland, locally called bari land. Bari land constitutes 64 % (1,717,000 ha) of the cultivated land in Nepal, of which 61 % lies in the middle hills alone (Carson, 1992). The bari soils are particularly vulnerable to soil losses through h Scientific annex to the final technical report for R7412 NRSP Research Programme. This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefits of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. [R7412 NRSP Research Programme].

Incorporation of Local Knowledge into Soil and Water Management Interventions which Minimise Nutrient Losses in the Middle Hills of Nepal h

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Taking local knowledge about trees seriously

Using local knowledge to develop soil and water management interventions for minimising soil and nutrient losses in the middle hills of Nepal.

Combining local knowledge in developing soil and water management interventions to minimise soil and nutrient losses in the middle hills of Nepal: Using a Participatory Technology Development approach.

Incorporation of Local Knowledge into Soil and Water Management Interventions which Minimise Nutrient Losses in the Middle Hills of Nepal h