Stressful environments such as salinity, drought, and high temperature (heat) cause alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. Photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants, is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses. Since the mechanism of photosynthesis involves various components, including photosynthetic pigments and photosystems, the electron transport system, and CO2 reduction pathways, any damage at any level caused by a stress may reduce the overall photosynthetic capacity of a green plant. Details of the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on different types of pigments, photosystems, components of electron transport system, alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in the mechanism of photosynthesis, and changes in various gas exchange characteristics, particularly of agricultural plants, are considered in this review. In addition, we discussed also progress made during the last two decades in producing transgenic lines of different C3 crops with enhanced photosynthetic performance, which was reached by either the overexpression of C3 enzymes or transcription factors or the incorporation of genes encoding C4 enzymes into C3 plants. We also discussed critically a current, worldwide effort to identify signaling components, such as transcription factors and protein kinases, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in stress adaptation in agricultural plants.

Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview

https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/pdf/S1360-1385(11)00209-3.pdf

Phenomics – technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck

Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrated view from breeding to genomics

Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for?

http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/824/1/FCR112_119-123_2009.pdf

Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress

Grain yields of eight representative semidwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released in northwest Mexico between 1962 and 1988 have increased linearly across years as measured in this region during 6 yr under favorable management and irrigation. To understand the physiological basis of this progress and possibly assist future selection for grain yield, leaf traits were determined during 3 yr in the same study. Stomatal conductance (g(S)), maximum photosynthetic rate (A(max)), and canopy temperature depression (CTD), averaged over the 3 yr, were closely and positively correlated with progress in the 6-yr mean yield. The correlation was greatest with g(S) (r = 0.94 P < 0.01). Compared with the overall yield increase of 27%, g(S) increased 63%, A(max) increased 23%, and canopies were 0.6 degree C cooler. Carbon-13 isotope discrimination was also positively associated with yield progress (r = 0.71, P < 0.05), but other leaf traits such as flag leaf area, specific leaf weight, percentage N and greeness were not, nor was crop growth rate around anthesis. The causal basis of the leaf activity interrelationships is reasonably clear, with both increased intercellular CO2 concentration and increased mesophyll activity contributing to the increase in A(max). However, causal links to the yield progress, and the accompanying increase in kernels per square meter, are not clear. It is concluded that g(S) and CTD should be further investigated as potential indirect selection criteria for yield.

Wheat Yield Progress Associated with Higher Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Rate, and Cooler Canopies

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Wheat Yield Progress Associated with Higher Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Rate, and Cooler Canopies