Characteristics, water quality index and human health risk from nitrate and fluoride in Kakhk city and its rural areas, Iran

Groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) are important components of water resources and play key roles in social and economic development and regional ecological security. There are currently several stresses placing immense pressure on the GW resources of the Baiyangdian Lake Basin (BLB) in China, including climate change. A series of ecological and environmental challenges have manifested in the plain area of the BLB due to long-term over-exploitation of GW, including regional declines in GW level, aquifer drainage, land subsidence, and soil secondary salinization. Climate change may aggravate environmental challenges by altering GW recharge rates and availability of GW. This study applied the fully processed and physically-based numerical models, MODFLOW and the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in a semi-coupled modeling framework. The aim of the study was to quantitatively analyze changes to shallow GW levels and reserves in the plain area of BLB over the next 15 years (2021-2035) under climate change and different artificial recharge schemes. The results indicated that GW storage and levels are rising under the different GW recharge schemes. The maximum variation in the GW level was 20-30 m under a rainfall assurance rate of 50% and water level in the depression cone increased 14.20-14.98 m. This study can act as a theoretical basis for the development of a more sustainable GW management scheme in the plain area of the BLB and for the management and protection of aquifers in other areas with serious GW overdraft. 

Prediction and evaluation of groundwater level changes in an over-exploited area of the Baiyangdian Lake Basin, China under the combined influence of climate change and ecological water recharge.

Groundwater serves as one of the crucial natural resources in the safety and sustainable development of Beijing economy. Due to the fact that Beijing is one of the megacities with groundwater as the main water source, it abstracts two-thirds of the city’s water supply from groundwater. Meanwhile, the groundwater aquifer storage depletion has been larger than 1.04 × 1010 m3 during the past decades, which has brought serious eco-environmental problems to Beijing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate various abstraction schemes using a 3-D transient numerical groundwater flow model, to understand the present situation and future trend of groundwater resources in Beijing plain. The sustainable utilization of groundwater under these scenarios was comprehensively analyzed. The most reasonable scenario, which meets the appraisal restraint conditions, is the one that the groundwater extraction volumes of the three subsidence centers are reduced by 50%, 20%, and 100%, respectively, with the groundwater abstraction rate of 1.769 × 109 m3/year. Countermeasures that could be considered to improve sustainable groundwater management include: reducing groundwater abstraction directly; importing surface water from outside river basins; improving agricultural water use efficiency; and controlling the groundwater abstractions in the subsidence centers. The results of the modeling study could be used to inform policymakers and the government of Beijing.

Numerical groundwater modeling and scenario analysis of Beijing plain: implications for sustainable groundwater management in a region with intense groundwater depletion

In recent years, the sharp increase in nitrate concentration in groundwater has become an important health issue worldwide, and uncontrolled groundwater use can cause potentially dangerous problems for human health. The aim of the present study is to determine the degree of groundwater pollution in the Bokoya massif, located in the Moroccan Rif, and to quantify the non-cancer risks associated with its consumption. Two rounds of sampling were carried out during April and September 2018, respectively collecting 96 and 73 samples distributed between wells and springs covering the entire study area. The pollution index results showed that 39% and 41% of the studied springs possess a pollution degree ranging from moderate to very high during the wet and dry periods, respectively. Deterioration of the water quality is mainly linked to strong mineralisation from mineral dissolution of Palaeozoic and Predorsal rocks, and to the high concentrations of anthropogenic nitrates found in the limestone formation. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk by oral exposure to nitrates showed that about 47%, 45% and 43% of the samples constitute non-carcinogenic risk to the health of children, adult women, and adult men, respectively. Children have a slightly higher exposure to non-carcinogenic risks. In a situation typified by both the scarcity of drinking water and a lack of population-wide information for the study area, the results of this study will help guide decision-makers and water resource management services towards a policy of limiting the sources of nitrates found in aquifers in order to limit the potentially harmful effects on human health. 

Groundwater quality evaluation using the pollution index and potential non-carcinogenic risk related to nitrate contamination in the karst aquifers of Bokoya massif, northern Morocco

Hydrogeophysical and hydrochemical assessment of groundwater quality of the Rharb shallow aquifer (NW Morocco)

The study focuses on the monitoring of physicochemical parameters and major chemical elements of six springs and wells during two seasons. Waters from the coastal karst aquifer Massif Bokkoya Al-Hoceima were analyzed for their chemical quality, and their state of anthropogenic and/or natural contamination was quantified. The waters are highly mineralized and marked by a chloride-sodium or sodium-sulfate facies mainly linked to a process of marine intrusion and dissolution of evaporitic minerals included in the on-site rocks. This mineralization of marine origin is partly due to the intensive exploitation of groundwater but also to landslides in relationship with earthquakes, that are known in the area, and which accelerate the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion. The salinity shows levels C3 and C4 in a Wilcox diagram and waters were qualified as very hard. The comparison with quality standards shows that most of the water is not suitable for consumption, especially because of high levels of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and Cl − related to marine intrusion, together with the urban pollution factor which increases the content of NO 3 − .

Effect of saltwater intrusion due to over-exploitation and earthquakes on mineralization processes of spring waters over the Massif Bokkoya (central Rif, Morocco)

The objective of this study is to investigate the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water from two natural sources located in the urban area of Al Hoceima and used in the supply of drinking water for large population of the region. Water hardness values from these two natural sources were found to range between 118.9 and 135 PPM and therefore the water from these two studied sources could be categorized as "hard” to “very hard". Piper diagram established a “chlorinated sodium” and a “calcium-magnesium sulphated” chemical facies for these waters. High sodium and chloride concentrations are due to the proximity to the Mediterranean sea shore. Lead content (0.041 to 0.045 PPM) exceeded the WHO standard (0.01 PPM) and high total solid residue content was observed. Bacteriological assessment of these waters highlighted a significant contamination by faecal germs

Physico-chemical and bacteriological study of water from a few sources in alhoceima region â Morocco

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Effect of saltwater intrusion due to over-exploitation and earthquakes on mineralization processes of spring waters over the Massif Bokkoya (central Rif, Morocco)

Physico-chemical and bacteriological study of water from a few sources in alhoceima region â Morocco