Selection and characterization of DNA aptamers against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1.

Bacterial toxins are food safety hazards causing about 10% of all reported foodborne outbreaks in Europe. Pertinent to Gram-positive pathogens, the most relevant toxins are emetic toxin and diarrheal enterotoxins of Bacillus cereus, neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum, enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens, and a family of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and some other staphylococci. These toxins are the most important virulence factors of respective foodborne pathogens and a primary cause of the related foodborne diseases. They are proteins or peptides that differ from each other in their size, structure, toxicity, toxicological end points, solubility, and stability, types of food matrix to which they are mostly related to. These differences influence the characteristics of required detection methods. Therefore, detection of these toxins in food samples, or detection of toxin production capacity in the bacterial isolate, remains one of the cornerstones of microbial food analysis and an essential tool in understanding the relevant properties of these toxins. Advanced research has led into new insights of the incidence of toxins, mechanisms of their production, their physicochemical properties, and their toxicological mode of action and dose-response profile. This review focuses on biological, immunological, mass spectrometry, and molecular assays as the most commonly used detection and quantification methods for toxins of B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and S. aureus. Gathered and analyzed information provides a comprehensive blueprint of the existing knowledge on the principles of these assays, their application in food safety, limits of detection and quantification, matrices in which they are applicable, and type of information they provide to the user.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12571

Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in food samples can cause severe gastroenteritis even at low doses. Detection of SEs with a single assay would not only improve reliability and portability, but would also save time. In this paper, for the first time, a multiplexed gold-nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic (ICT) strip that allows the simultaneous detection of the five main SEs has been reported: SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. Based on the sandwich immunoassay of each SE, a multiplexed ICT strip with five test lines is developed. Sensitive and specific paired monoclonal antibodies facilitate the detection, allowing for high sensitivity and good specificity. The portable biosensor platform can simultaneously detect SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE at concentrations as low as 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 1, and 5 ng mL−1, respectively. The entire test can be performed within 15 min and requires no sophisticated instruments except a portable strip reader. To evaluate the multiplexed strip, naturally SEA and SEC contaminated milk samples and pure milk samples spiked with the five SEs are analyzed.

Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Multiplexed Immunochromatographic Strip for Simultaneous Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, B, C, D, and E

On August 28, 2015, a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in Umbria, Italy, affecting 24 of the 42 customers who had dinner at a local restaurant. About 3 h after ingesting a variety of foods, the customers manifested gastrointestinal symptoms. Within 24 h of notification from the hospital emergency department, Sanitary Inspectors of the local Public Health Unit performed an epidemiological investigation. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the customers. Food and environmental samples were collected. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea), the food samples were analyzed for the presence of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the waiters and cooks. Among the food tested, high levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) (3.4 × 108 CFU/g) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (2.12 ng SEA/g) were only detected in the Chantilly cream dessert. CPS were also detected on the surface of a kitchen table (10 CFU/swab), and ...

Investigation of a Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreak from a Chantilly Cream Dessert, in Umbria (Italy)

Detection and quantification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in foods with specific and sensitive polyclonal antibodies

Aim: To determine the performance of the Ridascreen® SET Total kit, after sample extraction and concentration by dialysis, with regard to its use in official controls for staphylococcal enterotoxins under European Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 modified. This study was conducted on naturally contaminated cheese samples and compared with the results of the previously validated Vidas® SET2 kit.



Methods and Results:  The effectiveness of the Ridascreen® SET Total kit on naturally contaminated cheeses was compared to that of the Vidas® SET2 kit by applying the EN ISO 16140 standard. Sensitivity and specificity were also compared using spiked buffer solutions and cheese samples with SEA to SEE toxins.



Conclusions:  This study showed that the Ridascreen® SET Total kit is as effective as the Vidas® SET2 kit.



Significance and Impact of the Study:  The Ridascreen® SET Total kit was found to specifically detect SEA to SEE in cheeses. The Ridascreen® SET Total can therefore be used to check the staphylococcal enterotoxin content and ensure consumer protection.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03025.x

Intra-laboratory validation of the Ridascreen® SET Total kit for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA to SEE in cheese.

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Intra-laboratory validation of the Ridascreen® SET Total kit for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA to SEE in cheese.