Laves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.

/pdf/laves-phases-a-review-of-their-functional-and-structural-1r0nnkeily.pdf

Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

Influence of the Fe-doping on hydrogen behavior on the ZrCo surface

The Co–Fe–Zr system and its Co–Zr subsystem were optimized using the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) approach. The substitutional solution model was used for describing the phases liquid, fcc_A1, bcc_A2 and hcp_A3. Two Laves phases were modeled as (Co,Fe,Zr)2(Co,Fe,Zr)1, and the phases CoFe and CoZr with the bcc_B2 crystal structure were described as the ordered one of bcc_A2 in the formula (Co,Fe,Va,Zr)0.5(Co,Fe,Va,Zr)0.5Va3. With limited solubility ranges, all other phases were treated as the line compounds (Co,Fe)mZrn. An excellent agreement between the reported and calculated results was reached. The reliable thermodynamic parameters of the Co–Fe–Zr system were acquired, which can be well applied to various thermodynamic calculations and materials design.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11669-020-00859-5.pdf

Thermodynamic Descriptions of the Co–Zr and Co–Fe–Zr Systems

In the pursuit of manufacturing intricate components for the nuclear industry, we developed a novel Zr63.2Cu36.8 (wt.%) alloy via vacuum melting for brazing applications involving equiatomic high-entropy alloys (HEA) of CoCrFeMnNi and zircaloy (Zr-3). We systematically investigated the influence of various brazing parameters on microstructure evolution and shear properties. Furthermore, we established a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the lattice structure of interfacial products, residual stress, and fracture behavior in HEA/Zr-Cu/Zr-3 joints. Our findings revealed that under specific conditions (1010 °C for 10 min), the reaction products in HEA/Zr-Cu/Zr-3 joints consisted of lamellar HEAP/lamellar Zr(Cr,Mn)2, granular (Zr,Cu)/Zr2(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe), bulk Zr(Cr,Mn)2, and Zrss. With increasing temperature and prolonged holding time, the layered HEAP and Zr(Cr,Mn)2 phases adjacent to the HEA substrates thickened, while the relative amounts of Zr2(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe) decreased, with a remarkable increase in ductile Zrss. Growth kinetics analysis of the reaction layer and EBSD analysis indicated that the HEAP phases exhibited a lower growth rate compared to the Zr(Cr,Mn)2 layer during brazing, and both phases exhibited random grain orientations. Particularly noteworthy was the precipitation of (Zr,Cu) within the layered Zr(Cr,Mn)2, which increased and coarsened with higher temperatures and extended durations. Finite element analysis and TEM analysis revealed higher residual stresses at the non-coherent Zr(Cr,Mn)2/HEAP interface with a lattice mismatch of 40.6%. The body-centered cubic (BCC) structural HEAP, composed of fine grains, effectively mitigated the concentrated residual stresses due to its superior plasticity. Moreover, micro-nanoscale close-packed hexagonal (HCP) precipitates (Zr,Cu) were distributed within the brittle Zr(Cr,Mn)2 phases, contributing to the overall strength improvement of the joints. Consequently, high-quality HEA/Zr-3 joints were achieved, featuring a maximum strength of 172.1 MPa, equivalent to approximately 62.6% of the yield strength of Zr-3. These results highlight the potential of Zr63.2Cu36.8 (wt.%) alloys in advanced brazing applications. 

Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of CoCrFeMnNi HEA/Zr-3 brazed joints reinforced by fine-grained BCC HEA and HCP Zr

The phase relations of the Fe-Zr-Y system at 973 K and 1073 K were experimentally investigated by using the equilibrated alloys. New ternary compounds τ3-Fe3ZrY and τ4-Fe10Zr5Y2 were found in this ternary system. The solubility of Y in Fe2Zr was measured to be 3.5 at.% and the third component can hardly dissolve in the other binary intermetallic phases. Experiments have verified that Fe2.9Zr0.5Y0.5 has a solid solubility ranging from Fe73Zr12Y14 to Fe77Zr9Y13. 

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/2/593/pdf?version=1642132885

Experimental Investigation of the Phase Relations in the Fe-Zr-Y Ternary System

The CALPHAD approach was used to derive thermodynamic parameters of the Mn–Zr system based on experimental results and critical evaluation of available data. Novel ab-initio calculations as well as experimental data on enthalpy of formation and heat capacity measurements for the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase were taken into account. The congruent melting point of the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at 1765 K. Data on heat capacity for the C14–ZrMn2 phase were extended to high temperature range up to 980 K using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Standard entropy for C14–ZrMn2 was calculated using an extended Einstein model based on newly obtained results. Additionally, the sublattice model based on antisite substitution in the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase has been used in order to describe its homogeneity range. Based on the currently obtained results and novel literature data, thermodynamic parameters for the Mn–Zr system were re-optimized. The self-consistent thermodynamic description derived in the present work reproduces all experimental data well.

Heat capacity measurement of C14–ZrMn2 and thermodynamic re-assessment of the Mn–Zr system

Magnonics is a rapidly developing domain of nanomagnetism, with application potential in information processing systems. Realisation of this potential and miniaturisation of magnonic circuits requires their extension into the third dimension. However, so far, magnonic conduits are largely limited to thin films and 2D structures. Here, we introduce 3D magnonic nanoconduits fabricated by the direct write technique of focused-electron-beam induced deposition (FEBID). We use Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy to demonstrate significant qualitative differences in spatially resolved spin-wave resonances of 2D and 3D nanostructures, which originates from the geometrically induced non-uniformity of the internal magnetic field. This work demonstrates the capability of FEBID as an additive manufacturing technique to produce magnetic 3D nanoarchitectures and presents the first report of BLS spectroscopy characterisation of FEBID conduits.

/pdf/3d-magnonic-conduits-by-direct-write-nanofabrication-2ojdrb1p.pdf

3D Magnonic Conduits by Direct Write Nanofabrication

Focused electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a highly versatile direct-write approach with particular strengths in the 3D nanofabrication of functional materials. Despite its apparent similarity to other 3D printing approaches, non-local effects related to precursor depletion, electron scattering and sample heating during the 3D growth process complicate the shape-true transfer from a target 3D model to the actual deposit. Here, we describe an efficient and fast numerical approach to simulate the growth process, which allows for a systematic study of the influence of the most important growth parameters on the resulting shape of the 3D structures. The precursor parameter set derived in this work for the precursor Me3PtCpMe enables a detailed replication of the experimentally fabricated nanostructure, taking beam-induced heating into account. The modular character of the simulation approach allows for additional future performance increases using parallelization or drawing on the use of graphics cards. Ultimately, beam-control pattern generation for 3D FEBID will profit from being routinely combined with this fast simulation approach for optimized shape transfer.

/pdf/fast-and-efficient-simulation-of-the-febid-process-with-2o6ccoll.pdf

Fast and Efficient Simulation of the FEBID Process with Thermal Effects

Abstract Phase equilibria in the Fe-Mn-Zr system have been studied experimentally using SEM/EDX methods, EBSD and powder x-ray diffraction. Quasi binary section of ZrFe 2 -ZrMn 2 has been constructed. Invariant reactions were studied using differential thermal analysis followed by SEM/EDX. Using obtained experimental results at 1073 K, ternary isothermal section has been constructed. A self-consistent thermodynamic description of the Fe-Mn-Zr system has been developed using the CALPHAD method based on the new experimental information. 

/pdf/experimental-investigation-of-phase-relations-and-1ntu7pa9.pdf

Experimental Investigation of Phase Relations and Thermodynamic Modelling of the Fe-Mn-Zr System

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Heat capacity measurement of C14–ZrMn2 and thermodynamic re-assessment of the Mn–Zr system

3D Magnonic Conduits by Direct Write Nanofabrication

Fast and Efficient Simulation of the FEBID Process with Thermal Effects

Experimental Investigation of Phase Relations and Thermodynamic Modelling of the Fe-Mn-Zr System