Essential oils are aromatic and volatile liquids extracted from plants. The chemicals in essential oils are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in plant defense as they often possess antimicrobial properties. The interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified in recent years by an increasingly negative consumer perception of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, food-borne diseases are a growing public health problem worldwide, calling for more effective preservation strategies. The antibacterial properties of essential oils and their constituents have been documented extensively. Pioneering work has also elucidated the mode of action of a few essential oil constituents, but detailed knowledge about most of the compounds’ mode of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important to predict their effect on different microorganisms, how they interact with food matrix components, and how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds. The main obstacle for using essential oil constituents as food preservatives is that they are most often not potent enough as single components, and they cause negative organoleptic effects when added in sufficient amounts to provide an antimicrobial effect. Exploiting synergies between several compounds has been suggested as a solution to this problem. However, little is known about which interactions lead to synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. Such knowledge could contribute to design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and to understand the interplay between the constituents of crude essential oils. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antibacterial properties and antibacterial mode of action of essential oils and their constituents, and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of essential oils as natural preservatives in foods.

/pdf/essential-oils-in-food-preservation-mode-of-action-synergies-26gwz54pww.pdf

Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components.

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=schfsehart

The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients.

A biofilm can be defined as a community of microorganisms adhering to a surface and surrounded by a complex matrix of extrapolymeric substances. It is now generally accepted that the biofilm growth mode induces microbial resistance to disinfection that can lead to substantial economic and health concerns. Although the precise origin of such resistance remains unclear, different studies have shown that it is a multifactorial process involving the spatial organization of the biofilm. This review will discuss the mechanisms identified as playing a role in biofilm resistance to disinfectants, as well as novel anti-biofilm strategies that have recently been explored.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08927014.2011.626899

Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review

The antimicrobial properties of essential oils (EOs) have been recognised for centuries and, with growing demand from changes in legislation, consumer trends and increasing isolation of antibiotic resistant pathogens, alternatives to chemical-based bactericides need to be found. Citrus oils not only lend themselves to use in food but also are generally recognised as safe (GRAS) and have been found to be inhibitory both in direct oil and vapour form against a range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This group of oils may provide the natural antimicrobials that the food industry requires to fulfil both its requirements and those of the consumer.

Potential antimicrobial uses of essential oils in food: is citrus the answer?

In vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of selected plant essential oil combinations against four food-related microorganisms

Combinations of food antimicrobials at low levels to inhibit the growth of Salmonella sv. Typhimurium: a synergistic effect?

Modeling the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium growth by combination of food antimicrobials.

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Combinations of food antimicrobials at low levels to inhibit the growth of Salmonella sv. Typhimurium: a synergistic effect?

Modeling the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium growth by combination of food antimicrobials.