Is Schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited

Structural Brain Anomalies and Chronic Pain: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Gray Matter Volume

Background The results of one randomised control trial testing a psychological rehabilitation programme aimed at information processing strategies showed improvements in cognition posttreatment. Aims To determine whether there are concomitant brain activation changes as a result of engaging in cognitive remediation therapy (CRT). Method Three groups (patients receiving control therapy or CRTand a healthy control group) were investigated in a repeated measures design using the two-back test. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and a broad assessment of executive functioning were completed at baseline and posttreatment. Brain activation changes were identified after accounting for possible task-correlated motion artefact. Results fMRI analyses indicate that the control group showed decreased activation but the two patient groups showed an increase in activation over time. The patient group that received successful CRT had significantly increased brain activation in regions associated with working memory, particularly the frontocortical areas. Conclusions This is the first time that brain activation changes in a seriously disabled group of patients with schizophrenia can be associated clearly with psychological rather than pharmacological therapy Declaration of interest This work was supported by the WellcomeTrust.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/285B89E03F29EB001EA45B768776BEA3/S0007125000161872a.pdf/div-class-title-effects-on-the-brain-of-a-psychological-treatment-cognitive-remediation-therapy-div.pdf

Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: cognitive remediation therapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia.

Meta-analysis of brain and cranial size in schizophrenia

New insights into the biology of schizophrenia through the mechanism of action of clozapine.

Fifty newly diagnosed, briefly treated or drug-naive patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder were examined by psychopathology scales for positive (SAPS), negative (SANS) and overall psychotic symptoms (PSE and BPRS). CT-scan and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurement by 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT during rest and mental activation by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was performed as well. Twenty-five age-matched normal healthy volunteers served as controls. Thought disorders and fundamental symptoms correlated positively with relatively high, though subnormal prefrontal (PFC) rCBF and high rCBF in temporal cortex; positive symptoms correlated positively with high rCBF in the striatum and temporal cortex during activation. Negative symptoms correlated with high prefrontal rCBF. The patients had sulcal enlargement and smaller brain volume compared with the healthy volunteers. There were no signs of ventricular enlargement. Neither total negative symptoms, thought disorder nor fundamental symptoms correlated with any CT measurements. Total positive symptoms correlated negatively with the size of the temporal horns. The relatively high rCBF in PFC and temporal cortex of cases with pronounced positive and negative symptoms and thought disorder may imply that an aberrant cortical network has to be active to express a malattuned clinical output. The striatal hyperfunction mainly in productive cases may be a secondary phenomenon and more pronounced in cases where no signs of subcortical atrophy has (yet?) ensued.

Relationship between brain structure and function in disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum: single positron emission computerized tomography, computerized tomography and psychopathology of first episodes

Patients with newly diagnosed schizophrenia (n = 27) or schizophreniform disorder (n = 22) and 24 healthy volunteers were investigated by CT scan, the investigators being blind to subject status. The patients had never received medication or had been treated only briefly with neuroleptics. The patients had significantly smaller brain volume and brain length than the controls. The patients had greater sulcal enlargement in the case of both Sylvian and interhemispheric fissures and surface sulci in the frontal and parietal regions. The sulcal enlargement was more pronounced in male patients and on the left hemisphere. The study revealed no enlargement of the lateral ventricles and only a trend towards enlargement of the third ventricle in the patients. The findings were not explained by substance abuse or level of education.

Computerised tomography in newly diagnosed schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. A controlled blind study.

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Relationship between brain structure and function in disorders of the schizophrenic spectrum: single positron emission computerized tomography, computerized tomography and psychopathology of first episodes

Computerised tomography in newly diagnosed schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. A controlled blind study.