The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw. (Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x

Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.

The therapeutic value of synergistic interactions has been known since antiquity, and many different cultural healing systems still rely on this principle in the belief that combination therapy may enhance efficacy. This paper intends to provide an overview, from an antimicrobial perspective, on the research undertaken and interactive principles involved in pharmacognosy studies. Methods used to determine antimicrobial interactions include basic combination studies, the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC), isobole interpretations, and death kinetic (time-kill) assays. The various interactions are discussed with reference to molecules, different plant parts or fractions, different plant species, and combinations with nonbotanical antimicrobial agents. It is recommended for future development in the field of phytosynergy that consideration should be given to the selection criteria for the two inhibitors. A more conservative approach should be adopted when classifying synergy. When examining interactions in plant-based studies, antagonistic interactions should not be ignored. Combinations involving more than two test samples should be examined where applicable, and very importantly, the mechanism of action of synergistic interactions should be given precedence. It is encouraging to observe the upsurge in papers exploring the complex interactions of medicinal plants, and undoubtedly this will become increasingly important in our continued quest to understand the mechanism of action of phytotherapy. The scientific validation of efficacious antimicrobial combinations could lead to patentable entities making research in the field of phytosynergy not only academically rewarding but also commercially relevant.

/pdf/plant-based-antimicrobial-studies-methods-and-approaches-to-50h3y50tia.pdf

Plant-Based Antimicrobial Studies – Methods and Approaches to Study the Interaction between Natural Products

The evaluation of forty-three plant species for in vitro antimycobacterial activities ; isolation of active constituents from Psoralea corylifolia and Sanguinaria canadensis

The modern antibiotic era can be said to have opened on February 12, 1941, with the first clinical trial of penicillin. Within a couple of years man had at last, after eons of adventitious searching, a truly effective and safe agent for the treatment of many systemic bacterial infections. This was shortly followed by the introduction of one after another of the major antibiotic substances which remain the mainstay of clinical therapy of infectuous diseases to this date. Intensive screening of fermentation liquors derived from various microbes, principally fungi and streptomycetes, has resulted in literature descriptions of more than 2,000 Individual antibiotics to date, and It has been estimated that more than 20,000 analogs of 6-amino- penicillante acid alone have been made by chemists working tn close collaboration with biochemists and microbiologists. Several of these substances are currently on the market.

Antimicrobial Agents from Higher Plants

Psidium guajava L. leaves were subjected to extraction, fractionation and isolation of the flavonoidal compounds. Five flavonoidal compounds were isolated which are quercetin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside was isolated for the first time from the leaves. Fractions together with the isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial studies showed good activities for the extracts and the isolated compounds.

Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves.

Zanthoxylum datum, Acanthospermum hispidum, Polyalthia longifolia, Blumea eriantha Viper nigrum

The antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their combinations.

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The antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their combinations.