In-beam and decay spectroscopy of transfermium nuclei

Nuclear data sheets for A = 194

The quantum-mechanic nature of nuclear matter is at the origin of the vision of a region of
enhanced stability at the upper right end of the chart of nuclei, the so-called ‘island of stability’.
Since the 1960s in the early second half of the last century, various models predict closed shells
for proton numbers 114–126 and neutron numbers such as 172 or 184. Being stabilized by
quantum-mechanic effects only, those extremely heavy man-made nuclear species are an ideal
laboratory to study the origin of the strong nuclear interaction which is the driving force for
matter properties in many fields ranging from microscopic scales like hadronic systems to
cosmic scales in stellar environments like neutron stars. Since the 1950s, experiments on
the synthesis of new elements and isotopes have also revealed various exciting nuclear structure
features. The contribution of Bohr, Mottelson and Rainwater with, in particular, the development
of the unified model played an essential role in this context. Although not anticipated in
the region of the heaviest nuclei, many phenomena were subsequently discovered like the
interplay of collective features manifesting themselves e.g. in nuclear deformation, ranging from
spherical to prolate and oblate shapes with the possible occurrence of triaxial symmetries, and
single particle states and their excitation into quasiparticle configurations. The continuous
development of modern experimental techniques employing advanced detection set-ups was
essential to reveal these exciting nuclear structure aspects in the actinide and transactinide
regions since the production cross-section becomes extremely small with increasing mass and
charge. Further technological progress, in particular, high intensity stable ion beam accelerator
facilities presently under construction, as well as potentially in the farther future radioactive
neutron rich ion beams provide a high discovery potential for the basic understanding of nuclear
matter.

Nuclear structure features of very heavy and superheavy nuclei—tracing quantum mechanics towards the ‘island of stability’

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 198

Identification of excited states in 167Os and 168Os: shape coexistence at extreme neutron deficiency

The low-lying level structure of the neutron-deficient isotope ${}^{198}\mathrm{Rn}$ has been studied for the first time, using the ${}^{166}\mathrm{Er}{(}^{36}\mathrm{Ar},4n)$ reaction at a beam energy of 175 MeV. Evaporation residues were selected using an in-flight gas-filled separator, RITU, and implanted at the focal plane into a 16-element position-sensitive, passivated ion-implanted planar silicon detector. Prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays in ${}^{198}\mathrm{Rn}$ were observed at the target position using the JUROSPHERE array of 24 Compton-suppressed germanium detectors, and were identified by the subsequent radioactive decay of associated recoiling ions in the silicon detector. Isotopic assignments of the nuclei produced were made on the basis of the energy and half-life of their $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay. The estimated production cross section for ${}^{198}\mathrm{Rn}$ in this reaction was 180 nb. The excitation energy of the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state indicates inconsistency with theoretical predictions of large stable ground-state deformation in this isotope. The systematics of other low-lying excited states suggests the presence of deformed intruder states falling in energy with increasing neutron deficiency.

γ decay of excited states in 198 Rn identified using correlated radioactive decay

The 194Pb yrast superdeformed band has been populated in two reactions induced by two different beams delivered by the JYFL cyclotron. These two reactions differ in the asymmetry ratio (i.e. the ratio of the target mass over the projectile one) by more than a factor 3. For the first time, a superdeformed band of the A≈190 mass region has been populated using such a very heavy beam, namely 74Ge.

Competition of Fission With the Population of the Yrast Superdeformed Band in 194Pb

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γ decay of excited states in 198 Rn identified using correlated radioactive decay

Competition of Fission With the Population of the Yrast Superdeformed Band in 194Pb