The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids.

An ethnopharmacological survey of the traditional medicine utilized in the community of Porvenir, Bajo Paraguá Indian Reservation, Bolivia.

A new furanoflavone, 7-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy propan-2-yl)-2, 3-dihydrofuro(3, 2-g)chromen-5-one (artocarpfuranol, 1), together with 14 known compounds, dihydromorin (2), steppogenin (3), norartocarpetin (4), artocarpanone (5), artocarpesin (6), artocarpin (7), cycloartocarpin (8), cycloartocarpesin (9), artocarpetin (10), brosimone I (11), cudraflavone B (12), carpachromene (13), isoartocarpesin (14), and cyanomaclurin (15) were isolated from the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllus Their structures were identified by interpretation of MS,( 1)H-NMR,( 13)C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic data Among them, compounds 1-6 and 14 showed strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC(50) values lower than 50 microM, more potent than kojic acid (IC(50) = 716 microM), a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor In addition, extract of A heterophyllus was evaluated for its antibrowning effect on fresh-cut apple slices It was discovered that fresh-cut apple slices treated by dipping in solution of 003 or 005% of A heterophyllus extract with 05% ascorbic acid did not undergo any substantial browning reaction after storage at room temperature for 24 h The antibrowning effect was significantly better than samples treated with the extract (003 or 005%) or ascorbic acid (05%) alone The results provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of this natural extract as antibrowning agent in food systems

Isolation of tyrosinase inhibitors from Artocarpus heterophyllus and use of its extract as antibrowning agent

In vivo hypoglycemic effects of phenolics from the root bark of Morus alba.

Cholinesterases are key enzymes that play important roles in cholinergic transmission. Nine flavonoids displaying cholinesterase inhibitory activity were isolated from the root bark of Morus lhou L., a cultivated edible plant. The isolated compounds were identified as a new flavone (1), 5'-geranyl-5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone (2), kuwanon U (3), kuwanon E (4), morusin (5), morusinol (6), cyclomorusin (7), neocyclomorusin (8), and kuwanon C (9). All compounds apart from compound 6 inhibited cholinesterase enzyme in a dose-dependent manner with K(i) values ranging between 3.1 and 37.5 μM and between 1.7 and 19.1 μM against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, respectively. The new compound was charactierized as 5'-geranyl-4'-methoxy-5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone (1). It showed the most potent inhibitory activity (K(i) = 3.1 μM for AChE, K(i) = 1.74 μM for BChE). Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots and their secondary replots indicated that flavones (5-9) with prenyl substitution on C-3 were noncompetitive inhibitors, whereas those unsubstituted (1-4) at C-3 were mixed inhibitors of both AChE and BChE. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that alkylated flavonoids of M. lhou have potent inhibitory activities against AChE and BChE.

Isolation of cholinesterase-inhibiting flavonoids from Morus lhou.

Flavonoids from Maclura tinctoria

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Flavonoids from Maclura tinctoria