Ionic liquid crystals.

Fluorometric Determination of o- and m-Hydroxybenzoic Acids in Mixtures

In this thesis, geometry is used as a basis for conducting experiments aimed at growing and arranging inorganic minerals on curved interfaces. Mineralisation is directed using crystalline and liquid-crystalline metallic soaps and surfactant/water systems as templates. A review of the history, syntheses, structure and liquid crystallinity of metallic soaps and other amphiphiles is presented as a foundation to understanding the interfacial architectures in mesostructured template systems in general. In this study, a range of metallic soaps of varying chain length and cation type are synthesised and characterised to find potentially useful templates for mineral growth. These include alkaline-earth, transition metal, heavy metal and lanthanide soaps. These are systematically characterised using a variety of analytical techniques, including chemical analyses, x-ray diffraction (XRD) infrared spectroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their molecular and crystal structures are studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-TEM, electron diffraction (ED), electron paramagnetic spin resonance (EPR), absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS), high resolution laser spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic measurements. Models for the molecular and crystal structures of metallic soaps are proposed. The soaps are predominantly lamellar crystalline or liquid crystalline lamellar rotor phases with tilted and/or untilted molecular constituents. These display evidence of varying degrees of headgroup organisation, including superstructuring and polymerisation. A single crystal structure is presented for a complex of pyridine with cobalt soap. Simple models for their structure are discussed in terms of their swelling properties in water and oils. Experiments are also presented to demonstrate the sorbent properties of aluminium soaps on oil spills. The thermotropic liquid crystallinity of alkaline earth, transition metal, heavy metal and lanthanide soaps is investigated in detail. This is done to assess their suitability as templates, and to document their novel thermotropic behaviour, particularly the relatively unknown lanthanide soaps. Liquid crystalline behaviours are studied using high-temperature XRD (HTXRD), hot-stage optical microscopy and DSC. Models for a liquid crystalline phase progression from crystals to anisotropic liquids are discussed in terms of theories of self-assembly and interfacial curvature. The terminology required for this is drawn from various nomenclature systems for amphiphilic crystals and liquid crystals. General agreement with previous studies is reported for known soaps, while liquid crystallinity is demonstrated in the lanthanide and some non-lanthanide soaps for the first time. A general phase progression of crystalline lamellar through liquid crystalline lamellar to non-lamellar liquid crystalline is discussed in terms of models concerned with the molecular and crystal structures of the soaps and their phase transitions via headgroup and chain re-arrangements. Experiments aimed at guiding growth of metal sulfides using metallic soaps as templates are described, and a model for this growth is discussed. Metal sulfides have been successfully grown by reacting crystalline and liquid crystalline transition metal and heavy metal soaps with H2S gas at room temperature and at elevated temperature. These have been characterised using XRD, TEM, ED and IR. Sulfide growth is demonstrated to be restricted and guided by the reacting soap template architecture. Zinc, cadmium, indium and lead soaps formed confined nanoparticles within the matrix of their reacting soap template. In contrast, curved and flat sheet-like structures, some resembling sponges were found in the products of sulfided iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tin and bismuth soaps. A model to explain this behaviour is developed in terms of the crystal and liquid crystal structures of the soaps and the crystal structures of the metal sulfide particles. Liquid crystalline iron soaps have been subjected to controlled thermal degradation yielding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Some XRD and TEM evidence has been found for formation of magnetic mesostructures in heat-treated iron soaps. Models for the molecular and liquid crystalline structure of iron soaps, their thermotropic phase progression and eventual conversion to these magnetic products are discussed. Systematic syntheses of mesoporous silicates from sheeted clays are discussed. The templates that have been used are cationic surfactants and small, organic molecular salts. Experiments are reported where a cooperative self-assembly of surfactant/water/kanemite plus or minus salt and oils yields 'folded sheet materials' (FSM'S). Templating of kanemite has also been achieved using cobalt cage surfactants. A theoretical prediction of the specific surface areas and specific volumes of homologous sets of FSM's gave excellent agreement with measured values. The geometry and topology of the mesostructures are discussed. A theoretical model is also discussed regarding the curvature found in the sheets of natural clays , and results of templating clays and silica using metallic soaps are presented. Experiments and a model for low temperature nucleation and growth of microporous silicalite-1 are described in terms of silica templating by water clathrates. Finally, the problem of finding minimal surface descriptions of crystal networks is addressed. Combinatoric methods are used to disprove the existence of possible embeddings of type I and II clathrate networks in non-self intersecting periodic minimal surfaces. The crystal network of the clathrate silicate, melanophlogite is successfully embedded in the WI-10 self-intersecting surface. Details of a previously unreported, genus-25 periodic surface with symmetry Im3m are discussed.

/pdf/artificial-biomineralisation-and-metallic-soaps-eay6gcurzy.pdf

Artificial biomineralisation and metallic soaps

The proton magnetic resonance absorption in anhydrous potassium stearate has been measured over the temperature range −190 °C to 182 °C. Abrupt changes in line width have been found between 55 °C a...

Proton magnetic resonance absorption in anhydrous potassium stearate

La variation des valeurs des grands espacements ou les differentes valeurs des espacements trouves avec les melanges binaires des sels alcalins des acides gras de differentes longueurs de chaine peuvent etre expliquees de la facon suivante: Plus les longueurs des chaines des deux especes de molecules sont voisines, plus elles ont tendance a cristalliser comme s'il s'agissait de molecules identiques et plus elles forment donc aisement des solutions solides. Ceci se produit pour des valeurs de la difference relative du nombre d'atomes de carbonex/n ≦0,14. Au fur et a mesure que cette difference croit, ces melanges peuvent donner un compose stœchiometrique, mais ne plus donner des solutions solides en toutes proportions. Ceci se produit pour des valeurs dex/n comprises entre 0,14 et 0,50. Enfin si la difference relativex/n est plus grande que 0,50 les savons cristallisent separement; il n'y a ni solution solide, ni compose moleculaire.

Associations moléculaires dans les cristaux de mélanges binaires de savons

Arguments are presented to show that x‐ray diagrams obtained by using the powder technique for common soap samples can be interpreted in terms of two kinds of disordering. The first kind of disorder, a stacking disorder of micellar layers, makes the layers optically independent for certain diffraction maxima so that continuous diffraction bands arise rather than discrete maxima. A second kind of disorder within a layer in which long chain ions are randomly oriented with respect to rotation about their long axes causes all but one set of bands to be weak. A consideration of these two disorders permits extensive unification of the results of x‐ray diffraction experiments for poorly crystallized soaps. The use of such diffraction patterns for phase studies is subject to severe uncertainties.

X‐Ray Diffraction by Solid Soaps

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X‐Ray Diffraction by Solid Soaps