This document defines Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(S/MIME) version 3.5. S/MIME provides a consistent way to send and
receive secure MIME data. Digital signatures provide authentication,
message integrity, and non-repudiation with proof of origin.
Encryption provides data confidentiality. Compression can be used to
reduce data size. This document obsoletes RFC 5751.

Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.5 Message Specification

P2P networks are the mechanism used by cryptocurrencies to disseminate system information while keeping the whole system as much decentralized as possible. Cryptocurrency P2P networks have new characteristics that propose new challenges and avoid some problems of existing P2P networks. By characterizing the most relevant cryptocurrency network, Bitcoin, we provide details on different properties of cryptocurrency networks and their similarities and differences with standard P2P network paradigms. Our study allows us to conclude that cryptocurrency networks present a new paradigm of P2P networks due to the mechanisms they use to achieve high resilience and security. With this new paradigm, interesting research lines can be further developed, both in the focused field of P2P cryptocurrency networks and also when such networks are combined with other distributed scenarios.

/pdf/cryptocurrency-networks-a-new-p2p-paradigm-42d4yvaeg2.pdf

Cryptocurrency Networks: A New P2P Paradigm

Benchmarking reputation systems

In recent years, trust and reputation systems have gained much interest in many environments, such as e-market-places, web services, ad-hoc networks and multi-agent systems. Reputation models are responsible for computing the reputation rank of entities in a community or network based on collecting the opinions. Despite the popularity of reputation systems, they are vulnerable to different kinds of attacks. These attacks, which are a sequence of misleading behaviour performed by malicious entities, can simply lead the system to erroneous results. In this paper, we propose a novel method for quantitative verification of reputation systems against these types of attacks. In the proposed method, a reputation system is formally defined using three related models: reputation model, honest entities model and attacker model. The attackers are assumed to be agents who want to maximize their received rewards by abusing the system. The system is then formally evaluated using Markov Decision Process framework. The proposed method is capable of verifying the reputation systems against predefined attacks as well as discovering unknown attacks. The method can also find the worst possible attack plan against a given system. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed method, two case studies are presented for analysis and comparison of Beta and eBay reputation models.

Modelling and Quantitative Verification of Reputation Systems Against Malicious Attackers

Nowadays, trust systems (TSs) are widely used for tackling dishonest entities in many modern environments. However, these systems are vulnerable to some kinds of attacks where attackers try to deceive the system using sequences of misleading behaviors and dishonest recommendations. A robust TS is expected to function properly even in the possibility of such attacks. To the best of our knowledge, simulation has been the main approach for evaluation of TSs so far, and there is no remarkable verification method for this aim. In this paper, a method for quantitative verification of TSs' robustness against malicious attackers is proposed. The proposed method consists of a formalism for specifying any given trust model named TS attack process that is cast into partially observable Markov decision process mathematical framework. The proposed method is capable of verifying TSs against both well-known attacks and the worst possible attack scenario. The method could also be used to help adjusting parameters of the given TS. Moreover, a quantitative robustness measure is introduced, which helps to compare the robustness of different TSs. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed method, a number of case studies for analysis and comparison of selected trust models (including Subjective Logic and REGRET) are presented.

Modeling and Quantitative Verification of Trust Systems Against Malicious Attackers

As with any other emerging system, the analysis of the security of Peer-to-Peer Session Initiation Protocol systems is of crucial importance for its secure development and future standardization. In this survey, we analyze the security of these systems by studying the attacks that can be launched against them. After an overview of the services that conform its architecture (access control, bootstrap, routing, storage and communication) we present the different attacks that can be launched against each of the services described. Also, for each presented attack, we review the defense mechanisms that can be used to prevent the attack, summarizing their advantages and drawbacks. This analysis presents a clear picture of the new security challenges which must be considered for the development of a Peer-to-Peer Session Initialization Protocol system and a revision of the security mechanisms that can be used to secure them.

Survey of Attacks and Defenses on P2PSIP Communications

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Survey of Attacks and Defenses on P2PSIP Communications