Zeolites have been widely used as catalysts, ion exchangers, and adsorbents since their industrial breakthrough in the 1950s and continue to be state-of the-art adsorbents in many separation processes. Furthermore, their properties make them materials of choice for developing and emerging separation applications. The aim of this review is to put into context the relevance of zeolites and their use and prospects in adsorption technology. It has been divided into three different sections, i.e., zeolites, adsorption on nanoporous materials, and chemical separations by zeolites. In the first section, zeolites are explained in terms of their structure, composition, preparation, and properties, and a brief review of their applications is given. In the second section, the fundamentals of adsorption science are presented, with special attention to its industrial application and our case of interest, which is adsorption on zeolites. Finally, the state-of-the-art relevant separations related to chemical and energy production, in which zeolites have a practical or potential applicability, are presented. The replacement of some of the current separation methods by optimized adsorption processes using zeolites could mean an improvement in terms of sustainability and energy savings. Different separation mechanisms and the underlying adsorption properties that make zeolites interesting for these applications are discussed.

Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects

Quantum effects on the molecular adsorption and migration in confined porous materials can not be ignored if the difference between the pore size and molecular hard core is no longer large compared to the de Broglie wavelength of gas molecules. Extensive studies of the quantum sieving have been focused on nanoporous materials due to their potential applications in separating hydrogen (H2) isotopes. This article reviews state-of-the-art research activities in the field of separation, discussing the feasibility of separating H2 isotopes by quantum sieving in nanoporous materials including zeolites, carbons and organic framework materials. The overall results indicate that an effective separation of H2 isotopes is possible via combining the equilibrium and kinetic selectivity of adsorption induced by a quantum sieving effect. A fundamental understanding of the factors that affect the quantum molecular sieving is discussed. We hope to outline a clear insight into the perspectives and challenges on this novel separation technique for H2 isotopes in the subsequent course of researches.

Quantum sieving: feasibility and challenges for the separation of hydrogen isotopes in nanoporous materials

The ITER Isotope Separation System (ISS) and Water Detritiation System (WDS) will be integrated in order to reduce potential chronic tritium releases from the ISS by routing the top (protium) product from the ISS into the Liquid Phase Catalytic Exchange (LPCE) column of WDS. This provides an additional barrier against ISS tritium releases and should mitigate the memory effects due to process parameter fluctuations in the ISS. To support the research activities needed to characterize the performances of various components for WDS and ISS processes in various working conditions and configurations as needed for ITER design, an experimental facility called TRENTA and representative of the ITER WDS and ISS protium separation column has been commissioned at Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK). The TRENTA facility consists of Combined Electrolysis Catalytic Exchange (CECE) process, with an LPCE column of 8 m, in combination with a cryogenic distillation (CD) process. The processes description and the status of commissioning of TRENTA facility is presented.

Commissioning of water detritiation and cryogenic distillation systems at TLK in view of ITER design

Superhydrophobic composite graphene oxide membrane coated with fluorinated silica nanoparticles for hydrogen isotopic water separation in membrane distillation

The experimental industrial plant for hydrogen isotope separation on the basis of the methods of chemical isotope exchange between water and hydrogen and water electrolysis (CECE process) is under operation in Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. The large-scale studies of hydrogen isotope separation have been ongoing at this plant since 1995. The plant is also used for reprocessing tritium heavy water waste; several tons of reactor quality heavy water have been obtained. The EVIO-4 code allows one to predict the concentration profile in the column under parameter changes. The calculation results are in compliance with the experimental data. The 18,000 hours experience gained during the plant operation shows the high efficiency of isotope separation by CECE process and allows us to regard this process with considerable promise for the industrial use, in particular, for water purification from tritium.

The CECE Experimental Industrial Plant for Reprocessing of Tritiated Water Wastes

The results of 5-year operation of the experimental industrial plant for hydrogen isotope separation using combined electrolysis and catalytic exchange (CECE) process are presented. The plant is used for large-scale studies of CECE process and for reprocessing tritiated heavy water wastes. The main parts of the plant are a 100-mm diameter exchange column of 6.9 m overall height, alkaline electrolytic cells and catalytic burners. The separation performance of the column was determined. The computer code makes it possible to carry out the calculation over a wide range of conditions and to forecast a concentration profile within the column when the values of flow rates are changed. The experience gained during the plant operation shows a high efficiency of isotope separation by CECE process and allows regarding CECE process as a considerable promise for the industrial use, in particular, for water purification from tritium.

Operating experience of the experimental industrial plant for reprocessing of tritiated water wastes

The study of CECE process at the experimental industrial plant

The experimental industrial plant has been in operation in Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute to develop the combined electrolysis and catalytic exchange (CECE) process for hydrogen isotope separation since 1995. The plant is also used for processing tritiated heavy water waste; several tons of reactor quality heavy water have been obtained. Last year, the plant was updated to provide a means for heavy water detritiation with high detritiation factor. This paper describes the experimental results for heavy water detritiation. During heavy water purification from tritium detritiation factor about 103 was achieved. Heavy water with reduced contents of tritium less than 105 Bq/kg was withdrawn at the rate of 4.5 kg per day as a top product. The sample points located along the separation column allowed obtaining tritium concentration profiles within the column. The experimental data are compared with the ones predicted by computer simulation. CECE process is attractive for use in the heavy water hi-flux PIK reactor detritiation plant. This process can find an application at the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) fusion facility.

Heavy water detritiation by combined electrolysis catalytic exchange at the experimental industrial plant

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The CECE Experimental Industrial Plant for Reprocessing of Tritiated Water Wastes

Operating experience of the experimental industrial plant for reprocessing of tritiated water wastes

The study of CECE process at the experimental industrial plant

Heavy water detritiation by combined electrolysis catalytic exchange at the experimental industrial plant