High dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) is an internal based radiation treatment for prostate cancer. The treatment can deliver radiation to the site of dominant tumor growth within the prostate. Imaging methods to delineate the dominant tumor are imperative to ensure the maximum success of HDR. This paper investigates the feasibility of using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as the main imaging modality during robot-aided internal radiation therapy. A procedure utilizing brachytherapy needles in order to perform EIT for the purpose of robot-aided prostate cancer imaging is proposed. It is known that cancerous tissue exhibits different conductivity than healthy tissue. Using this information, it is hypothesized that a conductivity map of the tissue can be used to locate and delineate cancerous nodules via EIT. Multiple experiments were conducted using eight brachytherapy needle electrodes. Observations indicate that the imaging procedure is able to observe differences in tissue conductivity in a setting that approximates transperineal HDR and confirm that brachytherapy needles can be used as electrodes for this purpose. The needles can access the tissue at a specific depth that traditional EIT surface electrodes cannot. The results indicate the feasibility of using brachytherapy needles for EIT for the purpose internal radiation therapy.

/pdf/electrical-impedance-tomography-for-robot-aided-internal-5cyot3zp9c.pdf

Electrical Impedance Tomography for Robot-Aided Internal Radiation Therapy.

Some tumours may not be detected by ultrasound during biopsy, but recent evidence has shown that different tissues can be discerned by electric impedance. This paper explores the application of vibrotactile feedback in an electrode embedded needle to help classify tissue during fine-needle aspiration biopsy from bioimpedance measurements. The process uses electric impedance spectroscopy from 10 Hz to 349 kHz to fit the double-dispersion Cole model through the Newton-Raphson algorithm. A Naive Bayes classifier is then used on the equivalent circuit parameters to estimate the tissue at the needle tip. The method is validated through a series of experiments and user trials. The results show that the vibrotactile feedback is able to help the operator in determining the tissue the needle is in, suggesting that this may prove to be a useful supplement to the standard procedure used today.

Development of a tissue discrimination electrode embedded surgical needle using vibro-tactile feedback derived from electric impedance spectroscopy.

Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy often leads to uncertain results due to poor visualization of targets in the image. Biopsy needles equipped with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensors can be used to identify the tissue at the needle tip and provide more accurate needle guidance and lesion targeting. A machine learning algorithm is often used to classify the tissue based on the measured EIS spectrum. However, training machine learning algorithms requires large amounts of data, which is rarely available in biomedical applications. A solution to increase the size of the dataset and improve the performance of the classifier is to create synthetic data that closely mimics the original measured data. This paper proposes inverse transform sampling as a data augmentation method for EIS to bolster training dataset size. It exploits the cumulative distribution functions of the target data and uses inverse sampling to generate new, synthetic data. The method is demonstrated using an EIS dataset composing 13 different ex-vivo tissue types. The method is then validated by comparing the performance of the synthetic data to the original data through the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The classification results indicate that classification sensitivity, precision, and accuracy increase by at least 27.38, 24.86, and 19.41%, respectively, when the classifiers used a mix of original data and data augmented with the proposed method.

Data Augmentation Based on Inverse Transform Sampling for Improved Tissue Classification via Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis has undergone a dramatic evolution in recent years.Men with clinical risk factors and important lesions observed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically undergo a targeted biopsy.In a typical prostate biopsy procedure, the operator uses ultrasound (US) imaging to place a biopsy needle in the lesion(s) identified pre-operation via MRI for sampling.Since the lesion is not always visible in US, there is no way to ascertain that the needle is correctly placed in the lesion before sampling.Thus, negative biopsy results occur often and lead to uncertainty in treatment decisions.This thesis proposes an instrumented needle probe that uses electrical impedance spectroscopy and algorithms to identify the tissue at the needle tip in real-time based on the tissue's bioelectrical properties.A new probe is designed, constructed, and validated on a collected dataset of ex-vivo tissue samples.Two data augmentation methods are proposed to improve the performance of tissue classification algorithms running on small datasets.Lastly, the thesis shows that US waves induce an electric potential in the tissue, which can be effectively measured with the sensorised needle and may provide additional information to classify the tissue.In the future, the use of the sensorised needle for tissue identification could improve confidence in biopsy results, and reduce procedure time and number of biopsies performed.i Components of Chapter 2, at time of writing, are under review as: C. McDermott, H. Asilian-Bidgoli, and C. Rossa -"Electrical impedance spectroscopy sensorized needle for prostate cancer localization during MRI-ultrasound-fused targeted biopsy", 

pdf/electrical-impedance-spectroscopy-with-multi-modal-tissue-2pz1m2xwzs.pdf

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy with Multi-modal Tissue Discrimination for Ultrasound-Guided Targeted Biopsy

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/aju/article/view/178908/168274

Hypoechoic versus hypervascular lesion in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma

WITHDRAWN: Transurethral resection of prostate: A comparison of standard monopolar versus bipolar saline resection

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Hypoechoic versus hypervascular lesion in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma

WITHDRAWN: Transurethral resection of prostate: A comparison of standard monopolar versus bipolar saline resection