For thousands of years, plant has been widely applied in the medical area and is an important part of human diet. A high content of nutrients could be found in all kinds of plants, and the most outstanding group of nutrients that attracts scientists' attention is the high level of phenolic compounds. Due to the relationship between high phenolic compound content and high antioxidant capacity, plant extracts are expected to become a potential treatment for oxidation stress diseases including diabetes and cancer. However, according to the instability of phenolic compounds to light and oxygen, there are certain difficulties in the extraction of such compounds. But after many years of development, the extraction technology of phenolic compounds has been quite stable, and the only problem is how to obtain high-quality extracts with high efficiency. To further enhance the value of plant extracts, concentration and separation methods are often applied, and when detailed analysis is required, characterization methods including HPLC and LC/GC-MS will be applied to evaluate the number and type of phenolic compounds. A series of antioxidant assays are widely performed in numerous studies to test the antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts, which is also an important basis for evaluating value of extracts. This paper intends to provide a view of a variety of methods used in plants' phenolic compound extraction, separation, and characterization. Furthermore, this review presents the advantages and disadvantages of techniques involved in phenolic compound research and provides selected representative bibliographic examples. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-022-23337-6.pdf

Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities

In this study, two solvents with different polarity were used in the extraction of the dried powdered roots of the plant Juncus rigidus; ethanol, acetone, during two different growth stages : ripening period (November) and flowering period (April). Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total flavanols contents were evaluated using the colorimetric assays. The obtained results were very significant and showed that polarity of solvents and growth stage affects the composition of the plant. The highest content in total phenolic (87,249 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (28,109 ± 0.041 mg QE/g) and total flavonol (33,195 ± 0,013 mg GAE/g) contents was obtained in acetone extract during flowering period witch decrease during ripening period. The best result for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity indicated that highest value in DPPH free radical scavenging activity (0,014 ± 0,0003 mg/mL-1), phosphomolybdenum assay (425,168 ± 0,006 mL/mg), ferric reducing antioxidant power (1217,914 ± 0,022 mgFeSO4/g) and cyclic voltammetry (47,07 ± 0,04 mg/g) was unregistered during ripening stage using acetone solvent.

Variation in Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Cyclic Voltammetry Study of Juncus rigidus Desf. (Juncaceae) Root Extracts according Flowering and Ripening Period

In the present study the antioxidant potential of three seaweeds Gracileria corticata (red algae), Ulva lactuca (green algae) and Sargassum ilicifolum (brown algae) were reported. SDS-PAGE analysis reveals that total of 23 different protein bands were observed of this 16, 14 and 17 bands in U. lactuca, S. ilicifolium and G. Corticata respectively. The chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts of three algae showed the concentration dependent DPPH, FRAP, reducing power, H2O2 radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. The methanolic extracts of G. corticata have high levels of antioxidants with high DPPH, FRAP, reducing power activities and S. ilicifolum have high H2O2 radical scavenging, and metal chelating activities.G. corticata showed IC50 value for 902.09µg/ml for DPPH activity, 2274µg/ml for FRAP activity, 1082.11µg/ml for H2O2 radical scavenging. Among the three solvents tested, Methanol was found to be the most suitable solvent for the extraction of compounds. 

Antioxidant potential of three different Sea weeds from Visakhapatnam Coast, India

Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.): structure, ripening, nutrition, and applications

The date is a well-established and important crop that holds economic significance. However, a substantial amount of waste in the form of low-grade dates and date pits is generated and accounts for 10 to 15% of the total production. Given the substantial amount of nutrients in these by-products and the large volume of waste generated, there is a promising opportunity to utilize them to create valuable commodities like fiber and phenolic compounds, which hold a high market value. This review presents a summary of the chemical and nutritional composition of dates and their by-products and aims to investigate the possibility of utilizing date processing by-products and waste as an eco-friendly resource for various chemical and biological processes like composting and extraction of value-added compounds, as well as providing insight into the date processing industry and typical methods employed for the beneficial use of date waste. In addition, this review also addresses the current challenges and future perspectives in date waste valorization expectations.

Valorization of Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Processing Waste and By-Products: A Review

This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds for six cultivars of date from In Saleh region (Phoenix dactylifera L.), which were extracted by reflux with solvents, 80% methanol and 70% aceton after the phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were measured using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity acetone/H2O and methanol/H2O extracts using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, TAC and CUPRAC assays. The results showed that methanolic solvent reflux gives better yields. The highest level of phenolic compounds for all dates varieties was found in the 80% methanol extract. This level ranged from 8.04 ± 0.14 to 46.81 ± 1.22 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight and flavonoid content was observed relatively low for both two solvents. However, extraction into 70% acetone gave the highest antioxidant activity with all assay. These results showed that dates had strongly scavenging activity on DPPH reaching 3.12 µg/mL in methanol/H2O from Cul1 (6.9 µg/mL with ascorbic acid), also on ABTS reaching 6.51 µg/mL in acetone/H2O from Cul2 (104.98 µg/mL with ascorbic acid).

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds of six Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Ain-Saleh region, using Reflux method and Screening of Antioxidant Activity in vitro

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Extraction of Phenolic Compounds of six Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Ain-Saleh region, using Reflux method and Screening of Antioxidant Activity in vitro