The view that, by analogy, ergonomics methods should be subject to the same requirements of validity and reliability as are demanded of psychometric tests is shown to be an oversimplification. Two broad classes of method are distinguished. Analytic methods aim to produce a better understanding of the processes affecting complex human-machine systems, whilst evaluative methods are limited to the measurement of specific variables. The analogy with psychometrics applies to the latter type but is less appropriate to the former. Analytic methods depend heavily on the application of currently accepted theories of performance. Empirical data may be variable, but the expertise of the analyst may be more to blame than the method as such.

A note on the validity and reliability of ergonomics methods

Actuellement, l'ergonomie prend une place croissante dans la conception de nouvelles technologies. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est d'etudier l'utilisation d'un outil d'aide a l'intervention des ergonomes en conception de ces systemes : les modeles de tâches. L'objectif de notre recherche est double. D'une part, il s'agit de comprendre les usages et l'interet reel d'utiliser des modeles de tâches dans l'intervention des ergonomes. A cet effet, nous avons mene cinq entretiens avec des ergonomes intervenant en conception de systemes homme-machine et recueilli des modeles de tâches produits lors de leurs interventions. Outre les utilisations classiques des modeles de tâches en conception, les ergonomes affirment utiliser ces modeles pour les aider a la comprehension et a la communication sur l'activite des operateurs. D'autre part, nous cherchions a caracteriser l'activite de construction de modeles de tâches. Pour cela, nous avons demande a cinq autres ergonomes de produire un modele a partir de la retranscription d'un entretien reel. Les resultats indiquent que la construction d'un modele de tâches est une activite de conception a part entiere. En ce qui concerne les formalismes des modeles recueillis aupres des ergonomes et des participants aux observations, les resultats montrent que, contrairement aux formalismes academiques tels que HTA, MAD, GOMS ou GTA, toutes les informations permettant de decrire les tâches sont regroupees dans une seule vue. A partir de ces analyses, des pistes pour la conception de systemes d'assistance a l'elaboration de modeles de tâches sont proposees.

https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00517808/document

Usages et construction des modèles de tâches dans la pratique de l'ergonomie : une étude exploratoire

Understanding how best to provide training for task analysis remains unspecified. This study examined how different training methods affect knowledge acquisition, focusing on content learned and er...

Training Novices on Hierarchical Task Analysis

Virtual reality is being used to aid in prototyping of advanced limb prostheses with anthropomorphic behavior and user training. A virtual version of a prosthesis and testing environment can be programmed to mimic the appearance and interactions of its real-world counterpart, but little is understood about how task selection and object design impact user performance in virtual reality and how it translates to real-world performance. To bridge this knowledge gap, we performed a study in which able-bodied individuals manipulated a virtual prosthesis and later a real-world version to complete eight activities of daily living. We examined subjects’ ability to complete the activities, how long it took to complete the tasks, and number of attempts to complete each task in the two environments. A notable result is that subjects were unable to complete tasks in virtual reality that involved manipulating small objects and objects flush with the table, but were able to complete those tasks in the real world. The results of this study suggest that standardization of virtual task environment design may lead to more accurate simulation of real-world performance.

/pdf/comparison-of-dexterous-task-performance-in-virtual-reality-1ug51wpiwp.pdf

Comparison of Dexterous Task Performance in Virtual Reality and Real-World Environments

The representation of task decompositions, in the form of sub-goal hierarchies and their related sequencing triggering and exit conditions, lies at the heart of hierarchical task analysis (HTA) and related techniques. Analysis of the conventional graphical and text-based notations for these representations, using the principles of cognitive load theory, identifies a number of features that may give rise to difficulties when reading and constructing HTA representations. A revised graphical notation is presented, derived from similar notations that are used in the software engineering and human factors domains. An equivalent text-based notation is also presented to facilitate the representation of the task decomposition tabular format, where additional details of the task can be captured. It is suggested that the use of these revised notations could improve usability when constructing and interpreting graphical and tabular representations of hierarchical task decompositions.

New graphical and text-based notations for representing task decomposition hierarchies: towards improving the usability of an Ergonomics method

Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) is used particularly in the context of instructional development. This paper involves two exploratory studies concerning the difficulties of those learning to perform HTA (Study 1) and how these might be overcome (Study 2). In Study 1 seventeen students were provided with declarative training in the major features of HTA and were then asked to analyse the task of making a cup of tea (task 1) or of painting a door (task 2). HTAs were analysed in terms of five HTA criteria (hierarchical representation, logical decomposition rule, logical equivalence, specification of plans and the P × C rule) and four other error categories (task boundaries incorrect, cognitive goals omitted, operations described as activities rather than goals, and lack of versatility of the analysis in terms of encompassing task variation). Errors occurred with respect to all HTA criteria and other error categories suggesting that carrying out HTA is itself a complex cognitive task. This together with an analysis of questionnaire responses concerning self-reported difficulties and strategies suggested that the tendency to use an action-oriented representation of the task being analysed might be one cause of poor performance. Study 2 investigated the effectiveness of three instructional conditions at improving analysts' performance at HTA: procedure training which specified eight main goals in carrying out HTA, criteria training which involved understanding and practice at using or recognising the five HTA criteria and types of error, and combined criteria/procedure training. Performance at HTA improved in both conditions that involved criteria training.

Analysing and training task analysis

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Analysing and training task analysis