The middle space of migration: a case study on brokerage and recruitment agencies in Nepal

Migration is increasing in the middle hills of Nepal, and it has diverse consequences for the people remaining behind, their livelihoods, and the way they manage their land. This study explored the complex and interrelated effects of migration on land and people in the Harpan watershed, Kaski District, western Nepal. Surveys and focus group discussions were used to explore the reasons for decisions on land management and migration. In addition, remote sensing and fieldwork were used to map the extent of land abandonment. Our study found that almost three quarters of the households have at least 1 migrant member receiving on average US$ 206 per month in remittances. Remittances were used mainly for food and goods and to a much lesser extent for agriculture. In addition to international migration, substantial migration occurs within the area. Once livelihoods permit, whole families choose to migrate to market areas, from uphill to downhill communities. This has led to land abandonment and an increase in forest cover in the upper part of the watershed and has also increased pressure on the land and exposure to flooding in the lower part.

/pdf/the-effects-of-migration-on-livelihoods-land-management-and-3iev69pgh8.pdf

The Effects of Migration on Livelihoods, Land Management, and Vulnerability to Natural Disasters in the Harpan Watershed in Western Nepal

Enhancing the green innovation capability of enterprises holds pivotal significance in achieving the “dual carbon” target. The integration of digital economy and real economy provides new ideas for promoting green innovation in enterprises. Based on the Chinese A-share listed companies panel data from 2011 to 2022, this paper empirically tests the impact of the integration of the digital economy and real economy on enterprise green innovation. The results show that integrating the digital economy and the real economy significantly positively affects green innovation. Improving the integration level of the digital and real economies is conducive to promoting green innovation. Intrinsic mechanisms show significant mediating effects on financing constraints, enterprise digital transformation, and corporate social responsibility. The integration of the digital and real economies can promote enterprise green innovation by alleviating enterprise financing constraints, driving enterprise digital transformation, and promoting corporate social responsibility. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of integrating the digital and real economies on enterprise green innovation affects state-owned enterprises more than private enterprises. The effect on small enterprises is significantly positive at the 1 % confidence level; however, the impact on the green innovation of large enterprises is not significant. 

Research on the impact of the integration of digital economy and real economy on enterprise green innovation

Labour migration in Nepal is having profound effects on land management. We take two examples from the hills of Nepal where the increasing trend in outmigration continues unabated and explore its consequences. The purpose of this study is to understand the impacts of the subsequent labour shortage on land management and how it affects households. We used data from two surveys and assessed land use change and degradation with a qualitative mapping method. The findings show that the local context leads to very different strategies in terms of land management. In one study area, land was left to lie fallow without any use, leading to overgrowth and forest recovery due to favourable climate conditions. In the other, land was no longer used as cropland but turned into grazing land with consequences such as land degradation. This study provides strong empirical data and also contributes to the mountain research community by shedding light on the effects of outmigration on land management in the hills of Nepal. We suggest that these effects, including the labour shortage and the increasingly important role of remittances, should be addressed in an integrative but differentiated way that takes into account the regional context.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/5/1349/pdf

Labour Migration in the Middle Hills of Nepal: Consequences on Land Management Strategies

Migration futures in Asia and Africa: economic opportunities and distributional effects – the case of Pakistan

Effect of Digital Silk Road and innovation heterogeneity on digital economy growth across 29 countries: New evidence from PSM-DID

/pdf/migration-from-the-margins-mobility-vulnerability-and-2j8wuoe6lo.pdf

Migration from the margins: mobility, vulnerability and inevitability in mid-western Nepal and north-western Pakistan

Does green innovation promote environmental efficiency from a global perspective? A hybrid approach (fuzzy DEA-SEM-ANN).

Impact of belt and road initiative policy and interacting effect of renewable energy toward carbon neutrality.

The economy of Pakistan has constantly been plunged due to its severe electricity shortages over the last 2 decades and persistently faces challenges in revamping its electricity supply network. The purpose of this research was to assess the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), combustible renewable and waste (CRW), electric power consumption (EC), electricity production from coal (EPC), hydroelectric (EPH) and natural gas (EPN) sources, energy use (EU) and gross domestic product (GDP). The scope of this research included Pakistan’s annual time series data from 1971 to 2014. This study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing analysis to determine the long-term and short-term correlations among all research parameters. This research also conducted Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) tests to evaluate the stationarity existence among dependent variable and independent variables. The outcomes of the fully modified least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical co-integrating regression (CCR) estimators showed that coefficients of EC, EPH and GDP all were a significantly positive relationship with CO2 emissions, while the coefficients of CRW, EPC and EU were negatively significant, respectively. Furthermore, the outcomes from the short-run analysis revealed that the error correction term value was -0.8668, which indicates that from short-run to long-run equilibrium, the adjustment of the deviation of CO2 emission is by 86.68 percent annually. Moreover, the diagnostic results also demonstrated that the model employed in this research is stable and reliable. Pakistan was selected in this research work because of the deficit of power and if environmental degradation continues unchecked, it will eventually affect the state’s economic growth and CO2 emissions. The study’s primary policy recommendation is that government energy policymakers in Pakistan who create the environment framework in should pursue conservative energy measures as such measures will not negatively impact economic growth.

Modelling the nexus of carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, electricity production and consumption: Assessing the evidence from Pakistan

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