The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

/pdf/smart-grid-the-new-and-improved-power-grid-a-survey-4jypbbgv3j.pdf

Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

Introduction to stochastic programming

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

/pdf/a-survey-on-smart-grid-communication-infrastructures-537vsej5zk.pdf

A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

One of the key foundations of smart grid (SG) is a reliable communications infrastructure which is a sophisticated, multi-layer network carrying different classes of data. SG communications needs to be designed to accommodate the current energy management requirements as well as the potential demand of future applications. In this paper, we propose the application of cognitive radio (CR) based on the IEEE 802.22 standard in the SG wide area networks (WANs). We discuss the benefits of the proposed scheme including opportunistic access of TV bands, extended coverage, ease of upgradability, self-healing and fault-tolerant design. The proposed scheme can work as a secondary radio particularly in urban areas and as a backup in disaster management. In rural areas, however, a stand-alone radio based on IEEE 802.22 can effectively provide broadband access because of the wide area coverage due to the good propagation characteristics of TV bands.

Cognitive Radio for Smart Grid Communications

A low-complexity partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is presented. Signals at the middle stages of an -point radix FFT using decimation in frequency (DIF) or decimation in time (DIT) are considered for PTS subblocking. We show that DIF has a lower multiplicative complexity than DIT for similar PAPR reduction. A higher radix based FFT achieves better PAPR reduction per stage with less multiplicative complexity compared with a lower radix FFT. We further reduce the computational complexity by proposing a new technique, called decomposition PTS (D-PTS) subblocking, where subblocks are assigned through different stages of the transform. This new technique reduces the multiplicative complexity, while providing PAPR reduction similar to other techniques such as original PTS (O-PTS). Moreover, it has lower additive complexity.

A Low-Complexity PTS-Based Radix FFT Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is a proven technique to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It achieves considerable PAPR reduction without distortion, but the high computational complexity of multiple Fourier transforms is a problem in practical systems. To address the complexity, signals at the middle stages of an ?-point radix FFT using decimation in frequency (DIF) are employed for PTS subblocking. We formulate OFDM symbols based on these signals to exploit the periodic autocorrelation function (ACF) of the vectors in the PTS subblock partitioning. Error-correcting codes (ECCs) are employed in the subblocking for the PTS radix FFT. This new technique significantly decreases the computational complexity while providing comparable PAPR reduction to ordinary PTS (O-PTS), even with a small number of stages after PTS partitioning. Numerical results are presented which confirm the PAPR improvements.

PAPR reduction of OFDM using PTS and error-correcting code subblocking - Transactions Papers

Selective mapping (SLM) is a distortionless technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. However, it has a relatively high computational complexity due to the computation of multiple inverse fast Fourier transforms (IFFTs). In this letter, we present a new technique for reducing this complexity which is based on multiplying the phase sequences with a subset of the intermediate IFFT signals. This new technique significantly decreases the computational complexity while providing comparable PAPR reduction to original SLM (O-SLM).

Partial Selective Mapping OFDM with Low Complexity IFFTs

High peak to average power ratio is a major drawback in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A high PAPR can lead to saturation in the power amplifier and consequently increase spectral spreading, distorts the signal, and reduces power amplifier efficiency. In this paper, we propose a method based on compressed sensing (CS) to recover nonlinearly distorted OFDM signals. The method exploits pilot tones inserted in the OFDM signal for channel estimation. The key steps are a CS-based estimation of clipping noise and its removal from the received OFDM signal. In our work, we also include the effect of nonlinear distortion on channel estimation. Numerical results show that the proposed CS-based method significantly improves the bit error rate (BER) performance over previously proposed techniques which iteratively estimate the clipping noise and cancel it from the received signal.

Compressive Sensing Recovery of Nonlinearly Distorted OFDM Signals

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