Fat mass changes during menopause: a metaanalysis.

Menopause nomenclature varies in the scholarly literature making synthesis and interpretation of research findings difficult. Therefore, the present study aimed to review and discuss critical developments in menopause nomenclature; determine the level of heterogeneity amongst menopause definitions and compare them with the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop criteria. Definitions/criteria used to characterise premenopausal and postmenopausal status were extracted from 210 studies and 128 of these studies were included in the final analyses. The main findings were that 39.84% of included studies were consistent with STRAW classification of premenopause, whereas 70.31% were consistent with STRAW classification of postmenopause. Surprisingly, major inconsistencies relating to premenopause definition were due to a total lack of reporting of any definitions/criteria for premenopause (39.84% of studies). In contrast, only 20.31% did not report definitions/criteria for postmenopause. The present findings indicate that there is a significant amount of heterogeneity associated with the definition of premenopause, compared with postmenopause. We propose three key suggestions/recommendations, which can be distilled from these findings. Firstly, premenopause should be transparently operationalised and reported. Secondly, as a minimum requirement, regular menstruation should be defined as the number of menstrual cycles in a period of at least 3 months. Finally, the utility of introducing normative age-ranges as supplementary criterion for defining stages of reproductive ageing should be considered. The use of consistent terminology in research will enhance our capacity to compare results from different studies and more effectively investigate issues related to women's health and ageing.The meaning of menopause is widely understood, but often imprecisely defined in research. The present findings revealed that there is a significant amount of heterogeneity associated with the definition of premenopause, compared with postmenopause. Three key suggestions/recommendations can be distilled from these findings. Firstly, premenopause should be transparently operationalised and reported. Secondly, as a minimum requirement, regular menstruation should be defined as the number of menstrual cycles in a period of at least 3 months. Finally, the utility of introducing normative age-ranges as supplementary criterion for defining stages of reproductive ageing should be considered. The use of consistent terminology in research will enhance our capacity to compare results from different studies and more effectively investigate issues related to women’s health and ageing. 

/pdf/a-review-of-menopause-nomenclature-1vlm3zmt.pdf

A review of menopause nomenclature

Context: Bone loss is considered to begin with menopause in women and later in life in men; however, several recent studies have reported that bone loss began in young adults. There are still discordant results concerning age-related changes in bone mineral density (BMD), especially in nonvertebral bone. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the age-related changes in BMD in Korean youth. Design and Setting: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Participants: A total 10,575 Korean (4,731 males and 5,844 females) aged 10–80 yr were included. Main Outcome Measures: BMD at the spine and hip was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Age-related bone loss at the femoral neck in males occurred continuously with temporary acceleration phase after achieving peak bone mass (PBM). In contrast, age-related bone loss at total hip in both sexes and femoral neck in females showed three obvious phases: a...

Age-related bone mineral density patterns in Koreans (KNHANES IV)

To enhance our understanding of the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and sex, age, body mass index (BMI), weight, and height in elderly Chinese, we studied 258 males aged 50–80 years (mean ± SD, 62.9 ± 6.2 years) and 193 females aged 46–75 years (59.0 ± 6.2 years). We measured BMD at the lumbar spine (L1–L4), hip (femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanter), and Ward’s triangle. A significant difference of age-adjusted BMD among male-female groups (P ≪ 0.0001) was observed. After adjustment for weight, the magnitude of the sex difference in BMD was reduced at all studied skeletal sites; for example, the difference declined from 18.3% to 5.5% at the spine. There were significant differences in BMD among age-stratified groups at all the sites in both sexes (P ≪ 0.01), except for spine BMD in males (P = 0.928). Regression analysis suggested that, with aging, greater differences of BMD distribution exist in elderly females than in males. Weight accounted for the greatest proportion of age-adjusted BMD variation (e.g., at femoral neck, R2 = 0.17 in males) among four variables: weight, height, BMI, and a principal component formed from weight and height. These results suggested that weight decreased the sex difference in BMD in elderly Chinese. Patterns of age-related BMD distribution and BMD change among different age groups differed between the sexes and between the studied sites. Weight accounted for most of the effect of two correlated variables (weight and height) on BMD in our sample.

Bone mineral density in elderly Chinese: effects of age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index.

Genetic factors play an important role in osteoporosis and obesity, two serious public health problems in the world. We investigated the relationships between obesity-related phenotypes, bone mineral density (BMD) and the CA repeat polymorphism of the IL6 gene in two large independent samples using the quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT). The first sample consisted of 1,816 individuals from 79 multigenerational pedigrees. Each pedigree was identified through a proband with BMD Z-scores ≤−1.28 at the hip or spine. The second sample was a randomly ascertained set of 636 individuals from 157 nuclear families. Ten alleles containing 9–18 CA repeats were identified in our Caucasian populations. For body mass index (BMI), fat mass and percentage fat mass (PFM), highly significant (P<0.01) or significant (P<0.05) results were found for linkage in our sample of nuclear families and for association in the multigenerational pedigrees. We also observed weak evidence for linkage (P=0.069) with spine BMD and for association with hip BMD in the sample of multigenerational pedigrees. Our results suggest that genetic variation in or near the IL6 locus may be involved in the etiology of obesity and osteoporosis.

/pdf/linkage-and-association-of-the-ca-repeat-polymorphism-of-the-4cto2mwlvo.pdf

Linkage and association of the CA repeat polymorphism of the IL6 gene, obesity-related phenotypes, and bone mineral density (BMD) in two independent Caucasian populations

Objective The aim was to evaluate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) with age and body mass index (BMI) in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women living in the urban areas of Turkey.Design The study was prospective, carried out from 1993 to 1997.Setting The study was carried out at a university hospital, the Istanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Turkey.Patients The study group consisted of 849 healthy women of ages 20–84 years, admitted to the Istanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine. The cases were divided into age groups, starting with 20–29 years and ending with 70 years and over. For regression analysis, the cases were further regrouped as 20–39, 40–59 and 60 years and over. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure BMD in the lumbar vertebrae (L2–L4) and in the classical locations of the proximal femur such as the femoral neck, the Ward's triangle and the trochanter. Multiple regression analysis was performed for the evaluation of annual changes in BMD with r...

Changes in bone mineral density with age, menopausal status and body mass index in Turkish women.

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Changes in bone mineral density with age, menopausal status and body mass index in Turkish women.