The Neuroendocrinology of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Behavioural Perspective.

In response to oxidative stress, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) placenta releases less 8-isoprostane and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. The effect of oxidative stress on other cytokines and antioxidant gene expressions are unknown. The aim of this study is to further explore the antioxidant status and effect of oxidative stress in GDM tissue. Human placenta, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue from women with and without GDM were exposed to hypoxanthine (HX)/xanthine oxidase (XO). Cytokine release was analysed by ELISA and cytokine and antioxidant gene expression by RT-PCR. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSR) mRNA expression was higher in GDM (n=18) compared with normal (n=23) placenta. There was no difference in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase mRNA expression. Antioxidant gene expression was unaltered between normal (n=18) and GDM (n=10) adipose tissue. HX/XO treatment significantly stimulated cytokine release (13/16 cytokines) and cytokine mRNA expression, and decreased antioxidant gene expression (CAT and GSR) in human placenta from normal pregnant women. In GDM placenta, HX/XO only significantly increased the release of 3/16 cytokines, while there was no effect on antioxidant gene expression. In normal and GDM adipose tissues, HX/XO increased proinflammatory cytokine and 8-isoprostane release, while there was no change in antioxidant gene expression. GDM placenta is characterised by increased antioxidant gene expression, and is less responsive to exogenous oxidative stress than tissues obtained from normal pregnant women. This may represent a protective or adaptive mechanism to prevent damage from further oxidative insult in utero as indicated by increased tissue antioxidant expression.

/pdf/in-response-to-oxidative-stress-the-expression-of-59o7q43oyj.pdf

In response to oxidative stress, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes are impaired in placenta, but not adipose tissue, of women with gestational diabetes

Polycystic ovary syndrome: Understanding the role of the brain

Effect of age and sex on plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in the dog (Canis familiaris).

Objective Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is characterised by an inappropriate over production of parathyroid hormone and it is the most frequent pathological condition of the parathyroid glands. A minority of the cases belong to familial forms, but most of them are sporadic. The genetic alterations underlying the sporadic forms of pHPT remain poorly understood. The main goal of our study is to perform the molecular characterisation of a series of sporadic pHPT cases. Design and methods We have studied matched blood and tumour from 24 patients with pHPT, who went to a medical appointment in Hospital Pedro Hispano. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals. The MEN1, RET and CDKN1B molecular study was carried out in the germline DNA by PCR/SSCP and direct sequencing. Parathyroid tumours were further analysed by the same methods for MEN1, CDKN1B and CTNNB1 genetic alterations. The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technique enabled the evaluation of MEN1 gene deletions. Protein expression for menin, cyclin D1, parafibromin, p27(Kip1), β-catenin and Ki-67 was conducted by immunohistochemistry. Results The study of parathyroid tumours detected two somatic MEN1 mutations (c.249_252delGTCT and c.115_163del49bp) and revealed the presence of MEN1 intragenic deletions in 54% (13/24) of the tumours. In RET and CDKN1B genes only previously described, non-pathogenic variants were found. Cyclin D1 protein was overexpressed in 13% (3/24) of tumours. Conclusions These results suggest that MEN1 alterations, remarkably intragenic deletions, may represent the most prevalent genetic alteration in sporadic parathyroid tumours.

/pdf/men1-intragenic-deletions-may-represent-the-most-prevalent-i2jlacbl12.pdf

MEN1 intragenic deletions may represent the most prevalent somatic event in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism

Clinical Review 36: Cardiovascular Manifestationsof Endocrine DiseaseEditorial: Non-Thyrotropin-Dependent ThyroidSecretionLevothyroxine Dose Requirements for ThyrotropinSuppression in the Treatment of DifferentiatedThyroid CancerEffects of Low-Protein Diets on Protein Metabolismin Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Patientswith Early NephropathyPeculiar Distribution of Adipose Tissue in Patientswith Congenital Generalized LipodystrophyStudies in a Kindred with Parathyroid CarcinomaDevelopment of Melatonin Production in Infants andthe Impact of PrematurityEffect of Deltorphin on Pituitary-Adrenal Responseto Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia and OvineCorticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Healthy ManFood Contains the Bioactive Peptide, Cyclo(His-Pro)I Klein and K Ojamaa 339J T Nicoloff and C A Spencer 343L A Burmeister, M 0 Goumaz, 344C N Mariash, andJ H OppenheimerI G Brodsky, D C Robbins, 351E Hiser, S P Fuller, M Fillyaw,and J T DevlinA Garg, J L Fleckenstein, 358R M Peshock, and S M GrundyE A Streeten, L S Weinstein, 362J A Norton, J J Mulvihill,B J White, E Friedman, G Jaffe,M L Brandi, K Stewart,M B Zimering, A M Spiegel,G D Aurbach, and S J MarxD J Kennaway, G E  Stamp, and 367F C GobleE C Degli Uberti, S Salvadori, 370G Trasforini, A Margutti,M R Ambrosio, R Rossi,F Portaluppi an, d R PansiniC W Hilton, C Prasad, P Vo, and 375C MoutonTHE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (ISSN 0021-972X is The) Official Journa of Thl eEndocrine Society, published monthl by The Endocriny e Society, 9650 Rockville Pike M, BethesdaD 20814 Secon, d classpostage paid at Bethesda, MD and at additional mailing offices Subscription rates $11500 ($15500 foreign); institutions $16500($20500 foreign); in-training $7500 ($11500 foreign); single copy $1500 ($1800 foreign) Annua fol duer journas includl e $60subscription Subscription prices subjec to changet  All subscriptions start with the January issue To order call (301) 571-1802Japanese yen price is available from ou exclusivr e agen itn Japan, Igaku Shoin Ltd, 1-28-3 6 Hongo , Bunko-ku Toyk 113oJapan POSTMASTER: send address change to Thse Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 9650 Rockville Pike,Bethesda, MD 20814 Indexed by Index Medicus, Current Contents, BIOSIS and Curren, t Awarenes ins Biological SciencesCopyright © 1992 by The Endocrine SocietyContents continued on page 10A9A

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