Environment-friendly management of fruit flies involving pheromones is useful in reducing the undesirable pest populations responsible for decreasing the yield and the crop quality. A nanogel has been prepared from a pheromone, methyl eugenol (ME) using a low-molecular mass gelator. This was very stable at open ambient conditions and slowed down the evaporation of pheromone significantly. This enabled its easy handling and transportation without refrigeration, and reduction in the frequency of pheromone recharging in the orchard. Notably the involvement of the nano-gelled pheromone brought about an effective management of Bactrocera dorsalis, a prevalent harmful pest for a number of fruits including guava. Thus a simple, practical and low cost green chemical approach is developed that has a significant potential for crop protection, long lasting residual activity, excellent efficacy and favorable safety profiles. This makes the present invention well-suited for pest management in a variety of crops.

/pdf/efficient-management-of-fruit-pests-by-pheromone-nanogels-4tr9qomkd0.pdf

Efficient management of fruit pests by pheromone nanogels.

The complex lives of tephritids are mediated by a variety of chemical cues. Those involved with feeding, host location, mating, and oviposition have been used in control. Feeding--recent work suggests that tropical adult fruit flies feed for the most part on leaf surface bacteria. New attractants based on bacteria and their by-products may soon be available. Host location--host odors, colors and shapes can attract flies and are presently used in integrated pest management. These stimuli are frequently added to traps baited with sexual pheromone and parapheromones. Mating--males, particularly in lekking species, release pheromones that attract both males and virgin females. These compounds are produced in a morphologically broad range of glands. Parapheromones are compounds, often originally derived from plants, that attract sexually mature males and more rarely, females. Their role in fruit fly bionomics is unknown, though they may coincidentally resemble pheromones or be pheromone precursors. The principal uses of sex attractants have been in male eradication and monitoring; however, in the future they may also be useful in quality control. Oviposition--females in a number of pestiferous species mark oviposition sites with a pheromone that discourages egg laying by subsequent females. Chemical identification of these substances has proved difficult, but field trials suggest that they may be used to protect fruit crops.

Symposium: Use of Pheromones in Tropical Crops: Pheromones and Parapheromones in the Control of Tephritids

Suhail, A., M.Razaq and M. S. Yazadni. 2000. Studies on Seasonal Activity and Control of Fruit Flies (Dacus spp.) on Mango (Mangifera indica L.) at Faisalabad, Pakistan. Arab J. Pl. Prot. 18: 121-123. Studies were conducted to investigate efficacy of insecticidal application and pheromone traps against fruit flies on mango. Experiments were laid out in the orchards of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Orchards were treated with Diptrex 80 SP (trichlorophon) from May to August, (1997), once a month, along with 2, 4, and 6 pheromone traps/ha. . It was found that 4 pheromone traps were best for controlling fruit flies with minimum damage of 1.5% and 4.15% in July and August respectively. The investigations on seasonal activity showed that population of Dacus zonatus (Saunders) was higher than Dacus dorsalis (Hendel) through out the activity season 1997. Maximum population of males of Dacus spp. was observed in first week of July. Fourteen days interval application was found to be more effective than monthly applications.

Studies on seasonal activity and control of fruit flies (Dacus spp.) on mango (Mangifera indica L.) at Faisalabad, Pakistan.

/pdf/assessment-of-fruit-fly-damage-and-implications-for-the-wrzacroknh.pdf

Assessment of Fruit Fly Damage and Implications for the Dissemination of Management Practices for Mango Production in the Upper West Region of Ghana

Fruit fly is one of the major pests that attack agronomical commodities, as well as the insect becomes a major pest in safflower plantation all over the world. The objective of this research was to study the response of fruit fly on methyl eugenol (ME) used as attractant. The safflower fly is one of the most important pests of safflower in Iran. Losses caused by larval feeding leads to disrupted plant activities, reduction in flower buds, and ultimately to decreased quality and quantity of crop. Infestation of bolls began 15 days after the formation of flower heads. Laboratory studies show that among the three species of fruit flies tested for attractiveness to methyl eugenol, male of Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Chaetrollia carthami (Diptera: Tephritidae) showed no significant difference but both are significantly different (P < 0.05) with Trellia luteolla (Diptera: Tephritidae). Virgin adult male's A. helianthi more than 18 days old were greatly attracted to methyl eugenol.

Efficiency of methyl eugenol as attractant for Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi, 1794 (Diptera: Tephritidae).

SUMMARY Field trapping offruit-flies Dacus spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl etlgenol over a jive week period 1.vas conducted in afruit farm at Gombah, Selaugor, The results showed that traps with slit holes caught the greatest 11li11zber offruit-flies. Over 85% of the flies caught were male, Dacus dorsalis, Hendel. When different formulations of methyl eugenol; illa/athion 50EC + methyl eugenol, Carbaryl85S+ methyl eugenol, Diptere.'\' SP 95%) methyl eugenol and distilled 'lcater + methyl eugenol were tested at Serdang significant differences 'were only detected in tlte number of flies trapped in those traps with methyl eugenol -I- insecticides and those 'with methyl eugenol alone. The technique used 'l!,..'as eifecti'lie in controlling the fruit-flies for there nYts a reduction of20~;) of damaged carambola fruits.

http://psasir.upm.edu.my/2037/1/Trapping_of_the_Fruit-flies%2C_Dacus_spp..pdf

Trapping of the Fruit-flies, Dacus spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) with methyl eugenol in Orchards

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Trapping of the Fruit-flies, Dacus spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) with methyl eugenol in Orchards