Bactrocera is a speciose genus of tephritid fruit fly that includes several important pests of fruits and vegetables. Detection and control of these pestiferous species rely heavily upon male attractants or lures, with different Bactrocera species responding to either methyl eugenol (ME) or raspberry ketone (RK; or its man-made analogue cue lure, CL). Despite their usage worldwide, the function of ME and RK/CL in the natural history of Bactrocera flies is poorly known. The purpose of this review is to summarize research on the potential role of ME and RK/CL—as pheromone precursors or components—in the sexual communication of Bactrocera species. The topics covered include i) male feeding behavior on ME or RK/CL, ii) the fate of ingested lures, iii) female and male attraction to lure-fed males, and iv) mating success of lure-fed males. Data are available for only a few species, but they provide solid evidence for a role of male lures in mating behavior. For several ME-responding species, research has shown that i) ME metabolites are incorporated and emitted along with endogenously produced components of the male sex pheromone, ii) females show preferential attraction to pheromone containing these metabolites, and iii) males fed ME (or plants containing ME) enjoy increased mating success over non-fed males. Fewer studies have been conducted on RK/CL-responding species, and these reveal i) the lure is not broken down or metabolized but is sequestered (and presumably emitted) as RK, ii) females show preferential attraction to pheromone produced by males that fed upon RK/CL, and iii) RK/CL ingestion produces a significant, but short-lived (1 d), boost in male mating success. Potentially productive avenues of future research are discussed.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aez/45/3/45_3_349/_pdf

Effects of methyl eugenol and raspberry ketone/cue lure on the sexual behavior of Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Insect attractants are important prevention tools for managing populations of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a highly destructive agricultural pest with health implications in tropical and subtropical countries. Methyl eugenol (ME) is still considered the gold standard of B. dorsalis attractants. Mature male flies use their olfactory system to detect ME, but the molecular mechanism underlying their olfactory detection of ME largely remains unclear. Here, we showed that ME activates the odorant receptors OR63a-1 and OR88a in mature B. dorsalis males antennae by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis. Interestingly, ME only elicited robust responses in the BdorOR88a/BdorOrco-expressing Xenopus oocytes, thus suggesting that BdorOR88a is necessary for ME reception and tropism in B. dorsalis. Next, our indoor behavioral assays demonstrated that BdorOR63a-1 knockdown had no significant effects on ME detection and tropism. By contrast, reducing the BdorOR88a transcript levels led to a significant decrease in the males' responsiveness to ME. Taken together, our results gave novel insight in the understanding of the olfactory background to the Oriental fruit fly's attraction toward ME.

/pdf/bdoror88a-modulates-the-responsiveness-to-methyl-eugenol-in-288p7jj3qd.pdf

BdorOR88a Modulates the Responsiveness to Methyl Eugenol in Mature Males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

A Pattern Recognition Approach tothe Classification ofNonlinear Systems

Ten methyl eugenol traps for trapping Bactrocera Malaysian A (Mal A) and Malaysian B (Mal B) of the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex were evaluated. The traps were: a) 4 types of “container”-traps: Steiner clear - Fizzy bottle clear - Fizzy bottle green - Nakagawa yellow, and b) 6 types of sticky traps: sticky spheres red-green-yellow and sticky panels red-green-yellow. Three sites were sampled: a carambola orchard in Balakong area (BLK), an experimental farm in Universiti Malaya (UM) and Section 17 in Petaling Jaya (PJ 17), the last two had various species of fruit trees. Traps were set either at ground level, 1 m or 2 m high. Diversity of host plants present affected the species composition of catch. In BLK, Mal A was the dominant species caught (99 %), while in UM and PJ 17, Mal A and Mal B were almost equally common. The mean number of flies/trap/day was significantly different with respect to site and trap types (P < 0.001), but not the height of trap except for Mal B using sticky panel traps. The highest mean number of flies caught/day/trap was: for container traps, 473 Mal A at BLK and 42 Mal B at UM; for spherical sticky, 140 Mal A at BLK and 28 Mal B at PJ 17; for panel sticky, 137 Mal A at BLK and 26 Mal B at UM. The container types trapped more fruit flies than the sticky ones, with yellow Nakagawa traps caught the most per day (262 Mal A and 30 Mal B), followed by green fizzy bottles. However, basing on catch/cm2 entry hole, the fizzy bottles caught twice as many as the Nakagawa traps. Yellow and green sticky traps caught significantly more flies than red ones (spherical: Mal A: F2,116 = 20.67, Mal B: F2,116 = 7.73; panel: Mal A: F2,116 = 16.19, Mal B: F2,116 = 9.65, all P < 0.001). Sticky traps were not efficient in trapping Mal A, although they were better in trapping Mal B. Fizzy bottle traps appear to be the best as they cost little to make and trap more fruit flies than the others.



Zusammenfassung

Versuche uber die Eignung von 10 Typen von Methyleugenol-Fallen zum Fang der Fruchtfliegen Bactrocera Mal A und Mal B (Dipt., Tephritidae) in Malaysia



Es wurden 10 verschiedene Typen von Methyleugenol-Fallen hinsichtlich ihrer Brauchbarkeit zum Fang der Fruchtfliegen Bactrocera Malaysian A (Mal A) und Malaysian B (Mal B) des Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel-Komplexes getestet. Bei den Fallen handelte es sich um a) 4 Typen “Container”-Fallen: Steiner klar - Getrankeflasche klar - Getrankeflasche grun - Nakagawa gelb sowie b) 6 Typen Leimfallen: Leimkugeln rot/grun/gelb sowie Leimtafeln rot/grun/gelb. Es wurden drei verschiedene Fangorte gewahlt: eine Carambola-Obstplantage im Bezirk Balakong (BLK), eine Versuchsfarm der Universitat Malaya (UM) und die Sektion 17 in Petaling Jaya (PJ17); an den beiden letztgenannten Orten befanden sich verschiedene Arten Fruchtbaume. Die Ausbringung der Fallen erfolgte am Erdboden sowie in 1 m und 2 m Hohe. Der unterschiedlichen Verteilung der Wirtspflanzen entsprach ein Unterschied der gefangenen Fliegenarten. In BLK war Mal A die haufigste gefangene Art (99 %), wahrend in UM und PJ 17 die beiden Arten Mal A und Mal B etwa gleich haufig gefangen wurden. Die mittlere Zahl gefangener Fliegen/Falle/Tag war signifikant verschieden je nach Ausbringungsort und Fallentyp (P< 0,001), nicht jedoch nach der Hohe (mit Ausnahme von Mal B in den Leimtafel-Fallen). Die groste Zahl der pro Tag und Falle gefangenen Fliegen erbrachten die Container-Fallen mit 473 Mal A im BLK-Bereich und 42 Mal B im UM-Bereich; bei den Leimkugel-Fallen 140 Mal A im BLK- und 28 Mal B im PJ-17-Bereich; bei den Leimtafel-Fallen 137 Mal A im BLK- und 26 Mal B im UM-Bereich. Die Container-Typen fingen mehr Fruchtfliegen als die Leimtypen, wobei die gelben Nakagawa-Fallen die groste Zahl/Tag (262 Mal A und 30 Mal B) aufwiesen, gefolgt von den grunen Getankeflaschen. Bezogen auf den Fang/cm2 Eingangsflache fingen jedoch die Getrankeflaschen zweimal mehr als die Nakagawa-Fallen. Gelbe und grune Leimfallen fingen signifikant mehr Fliegen als rote Fallen (Kugeln - Mal A: F2,116 = 20,67, Mal B: F2,116 = 7,73; Tafeln - Mal A: F2,116 = 16,19, Mal B: F2,116 = 9,65; alle P < 0,001). Leimfallen waren zum Fang von Mal A nicht, zum Fang von Mal B nur bedingt geeignet. Die Getrankeflaschen erschienen als die besten Fallen, da sie die hochste Fangquote mit den geringsten Kosten verbanden.

An evaluation of ten methyl eugenol trap types for trapping Bactrocera Malaysian A and B (Dipt., Tephritidae) in Malaysia

A system for controlling insects, comprising a first lure module for attracting insects to eat a toxicant and a second cooling module for lowing environmental temperature to a temperature lethal to insects but above the ice crystallization of fruit. The lure comprises: wax; oil; ethyl methyl eugenol or other suitable attractant; and spinosad or other suitable toxicant.

Insect control system

Dacus dorsalis Hendel is the predominant species of fruit-fly (99.8%) found in a carambola orchard.
Population level was found to be correlated (r = 0.56) with rainfall. Infestation of fruits began 29 days
after fruit set. Laboratory studies show that among the three species of fruitflies tested for attractiveness to
methyl eugenol, male of D. dorsalis and D. umbrosus showed no significant difference but both are significantly
different (p < 0.05) with D. cucurbitae. Virgin adult males of D. dorsalis more than 20 days old were
greatly attracted to methyl eugenol

/pdf/efficacy-of-methyl-eugenol-as-male-attractant-for-dacus-2z5s8y7szs.pdf

Efficacy of methyl-eugenol as male attractant for Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae).

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Efficacy of methyl-eugenol as male attractant for Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae).