DAMASK – The Düsseldorf Advanced Material Simulation Kit for modeling multi-physics crystal plasticity, thermal, and damage phenomena from the single crystal up to the component scale

Definitions and basic properties of the Voronoi diagram generalizations of the Voronoi diagram algorithms for computing Voronoi diagrams poisson Voronoi diagrams spatial interpolation models of spatial processes point pattern analysis locational optimization through Voronoi diagrams.

Spatial tessellations. Concepts and Applications of Voronoi diagrams

The impact of the intercritical annealing time and refinement of microstructure upon the tensile properties and work-hardening capacity of a dual phase (DP) steel were evaluated. For the undeformed pre-intercritical microstructures, the sensitivity of the obtained DP microstructures on the time of annealing was low, and in all cases, a relatively coarse microstructure was obtained. It was shown that a fine-grained DP steel with chain-network martensite morphology can be readily obtained by carefully controlled intercritical annealing of a cold deformed martensitic microstructure. By continued intercritical annealing beyond the optimum value, the growth of ferrite grains and fading of the chain-network martensite morphology were found to be responsible for the lowering of work-hardening rate and obtained tensile properties. By optimization of the intercritical annealing condition, a DP300/600 steel with high work-hardening rate, low yield ratio, high tensile toughness, and good ductility was obtained, which exhibited significant enhancements compared with the conventional DP350/600 grades.

Effect of microstructural refinement and intercritical annealing time on mechanical properties of high-formability dual phase steel

Crystal Plasticity Study on Stress and Strain Partitioning in a Measured 3D Dual Phase Steel Microstructure

The effect of strain rate (0001–800/s) on two commercial ferrite-martensite dual phase steels (DP600 and DP800), having different martensite contents (102% and 332%, respectively) were investigated Microstructures of the deformed samples have been studied to understand the influence of strain rate on the micro-mechanisms of deformation in dual phase steels The observations reveal that the volume fraction and size of the martensite play an important role in the deformation at different strain rates Dislocation cells formed as the steels were deformed at different strain rates but the size of these cells and the extent of cell formation varied significantly with strain rate and martensite fraction While deforming at various strain rates, martensite in DP600 was found to remain undeformed where the deformation was mainly prevalent within the ferrite grains Although at high strain rates, extreme dislocation generation within the matrix of DP800 caused the fragmentation of martensite crystals Secondary slip system of BCC ( 〈 111 〉 {112}) was also found to coexist with the primary slip system at higher strain rates which aided the plastic deformation at high strain rates within the ferrite grains The difference in the martensite volume fraction and distribution in these two steels also affected the void initiation and fracture morphologies when deformed at various strain rates

Micromechanisms of deformation in dual phase steels at high strain rates

This work presents a model used to study strain partitioning and micro-damage initiation of various dual-phase steel microstructures. The model is formulated via continuum micro-mechanics and is solved in a finite-element framework. A phenomenological failure criterion is employed, calibrated and used to identify micro-damage initiation during plastic deformation. What is shown is how the primary microstructural parameters responsible for microstructural stress/strain fluctuations, namely phase strength contrast and hard phase fraction, influence phase averaged strains and phase specific strain distributions. Results of a study on micro-damage initiation show the influence of these primary microstructural parameters on strain for micro-damage initiation, the associated macro stress, and strain hardening. It is concluded that with rising microstructural mechanical heterogeneity, strain for micro-damage initiation decreases and strain hardening increases. Macroscopic stress at micro-damage initiation is shown to be primarily governed by the hard phase fraction and secondarily by the phase strength contrast.

On strain partitioning and micro-damage behavior of dual-phase steels

Micromechanical approaches are frequently employed to monitor local and global field quantities and their evolution under varying mechanical and/or thermal loading scenarios. In this contribution, an overview on important methods is given that are currently used to gain insight into the deformational and failure behaviour of multiphase materials and complex structures. First, techniques to represent material microstructures are reviewed. It is common to either digitise images of real microstructures or generate virtual 2D or 3D microstructures using automated procedures (e.g. Voronoi tessellation) for grain generation and colouring algorithms for phase assignment. While the former method allows to capture exactly all features of the microstructure at hand with respect to its morphological and topological features, the latter method opens up the possibility for parametric studies with respect to the influence of individual microstructure features on the local and global stress and strain response. Several applications of these approaches are presented, comprising low and high strain behaviour of multiphase steels, failure and fracture behaviour of multiphase materials and the evolution of surface roughening of the aluminium top metallisation of semiconductor devices.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00161-015-0477-7.pdf

Microstructure-based modelling of multiphase materials and complex structures

In the present work, peculiarities of the macroscopic, initial flow behavior of ferritic-martensitic dual-phase steels and their causes are discussed. For this purpose, results of continuum-micromechanical finite-element simulations on model microstructures are presented. During production of dual-phase steels, a portion of their microstructure, i.e. austenite transforms to martensite and thereby expands. This causes ‘transformation induced’ residual stresses and plastic strains in their microstructure. These quantities are identified to govern the initial flow behavior of these steels.

On phase transformation induced effects controlling the initial flow behavior of ferritic-martensitic dual-phase steels

Ferritic–martensitic dual-phase (DP) steels exhibit a pronounced nonlinear unloading behavior, which is subjected to strong variations and depends on the complex interaction of parameters of the sheet metal material production process and the resulting heterogeneous microstructure. The knowledge of the unloading behavior in dependence of the governing parameters and their underlying mechanisms play a crucial role in sheet metal forming of high strength dual-phase steels. To analyze the influence of individual parameters on the unloading behavior of dual-phase steels, computational studies on the microstructure level were carried out based on the finite element method. The investigated parameters included microstructural parameters, unloading rate and thermo-mechanical deformation history caused by sheet production. In the course of the simulations, numerous different periodic volume elements were uniaxially loaded and unloaded. The computational results demonstrate that residual stresses of type II in the microstructure cannot fully explain the nonlinear unloading behavior of the steels. The reversible slip of dislocations in ferrite also plays an important role. Of all parameters examined, the martensite volume fraction and the phase strength contrast have the largest impact on the unloading behavior. Furthermore, the distribution of martensite in the microstructure significantly affects the unloading behavior, as well as residual stresses and a plastic pre-deformation both caused by the sheet production.

Examining the unloading behavior of dual-phase steels by means of microstructure simulations

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Papers

On strain partitioning and micro-damage behavior of dual-phase steels

Microstructure-based modelling of multiphase materials and complex structures

On phase transformation induced effects controlling the initial flow behavior of ferritic-martensitic dual-phase steels

Examining the unloading behavior of dual-phase steels by means of microstructure simulations