Part 1 Foraging behaviour, J.J.M. van Alphen and M.A. Jervis: behaviour of insect parasitoids and predators methodology the treatment of parasitoids prior to their use in experiments recording and statistical analysis of behavioural data host/prey finding and selection behaviour deciding what clutch size to lay host-feeding behaviour host discrimination sex allocation functional responses switching behaviour patch time allocation patch defence behaviour distribution of parasitoids over a host population measuring encounter rates life history characteristics and searching behaviour foraging behaviour and taxonomy parasitoid behaviour and community ecology. Part 2 The life cycle, M.A. Jervis and M.J.W. Copeland: anatomical studies female reproductive system male reproductive system sex ratio locating eggs in hosts fecundity adult longevity growth and development of immatures survival of immatures intrinsic rate of natural increase. Part 3 Mating behaviour, H. van den Assem: making records general methodology equipment used in observing mating behaviour the early stages of mating behaviour stimulus production some quantitative aspects of mating behaviour female receptivity and its consequences aspects of mating "sensu stricto" mating success comparative studies of mating behaviour. Part 4 Populations and communities, W. Powell and .M.P. Walton: field sampling techniques determining trophic relationships genetic variability in field populations of natural enemies. Part 5 Population dynamics, N.A.C. Kidd and M.A. Jervis: demonstrating and quantifying predation and parasitism the role of natural enemies in insect population dynamics selection criteria in biological control. Part 6 Phytophagy, M.A. Jervis and N.A.C. Kidd: what plant materials do natural enemies feed upon, and from what sources? do natural enemies show specificity in the plant food sources they exploit? interpreting patterns of resource utilization insect preferences and foraging energetics natural enemies as pollinators.

Insect natural enemies : practical approaches to their study and evaluation

1 A quantitative parasitoid web was constructed describing the trophic relationships between the community of aphids, parasitoids and secondary parasitoids in an abandoned field in southern England Root aphids were omitted and secondary parasitoids were associated with aphids rather than primary parasitoids All aphids, parasitoids and trophic links were expressed in the same units (m−2) Over a 2-year period, separate webs were constructed for every month that aphids and parasitoids were active in the field



2 Twenty-six species of plants were attacked by 25 species of aphid which were parasitized by 18 species of primary parasitoids The primary parasitoids were attacked by 28 species of secondary parasitoids, of which 18 directly attacked the still living aphid (hyperparasitoids) and 10 attacked the aphid after mummification (mummy parasitoids) The aphids were attended by three species of ants



3 Eleven webs were constructed for the months May to September 1994 and May to October 1995 Aphids and primary parasitoids were most abundant and diverse in June, and secondary parasitoids one month later



4 The ratios of the number of aphid species to the number of species of primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid were relatively constant across webs, as was the ratio of the number of links involving hyperparasitoids and mummy parasitoids The ratio of the total number of links to the total number of species increased with web size



5 The relative abundance of the species in the different webs was well described by a Dirichlet distribution with a common parameter This implies a gamma distribution of aphid abundances in the field with few common and many rare species



6 Predator (ie parasitoid) overlap graphs were constructed to assess the potential for indirect interactions between aphids Mummy parasitoids were the most important group linking different aphids A quantitative overlap diagram was developed to illustrate the potential strengths of indirect linkages Common aphid species shared few strong, indirect links via primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, but could be strongly linked by mummy parasitoids Symmetrical links were uncommon, and rare species were potentially strongly influenced by the presence of common aphids with which they shared parasitoids



7 Ant-attended aphids were attacked by fewer species of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids than those species not attended by ants Species of mummy parasitoids attack, on average, approximately twice the number of host species than species of either primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids

The structure of an aphid–parasitoid community

The role of perennial habitats for Central European farmland spiders

Of course, from childhood to forever, we are always thought to love reading. It is not only reading the lesson book but also reading everything good is the choice of getting new inspirations. Religion, sciences, politics, social, literature, and fictions will enrich you for not only one aspect. Having more aspects to know and understand will lead you become someone more precious. Yea, becoming precious can be situated with the presentation of how your knowledge much.

Insect Natural Enemies

The effects of the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the abundances of aerial and epigeal arthropods were assessed in 66 beet, 68 maize and 67 spring oilseed rape sites as part of the Farm Scale Evaluations of GMHT crops. Most higher taxa were insensitive to differences between GMHT and conventional weed management, but significant effects were found on the abundance of at least one group within each taxon studied. Numbers of butterflies in beet and spring oilseed rape and of Heteroptera and bees in beet were smaller under the relevant GMHT crop management, whereas the abundance of Collembola was consistently greater in all GMHT crops. Generally, these effects were specific to each crop type, reflected the phenology and ecology of the arthropod taxa, were indirect and related to herbicide management. These results apply generally to agriculture across Britain, and could be used in mathematical models to predict the possible long-term effects of the widespread adoption of GMHT technology. The results for bees and butterflies relate to foraging preferences and might or might not translate into effects on population densities, depending on whether adoption leads to forage reductions over large areas. These species, and the detritivore Collembola, may be useful indicator species for future studies of GMHT management.

/pdf/invertebrate-responses-to-the-management-of-genetically-4b0rfw9hnf.pdf

Invertebrate responses to the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and conventional spring crops. II. Within-field epigeal and aerial arthropods.

. 

1
We describe a new technique for sampling arthropods from grassland and other vegetation, using a modified petrol-driven suction apparatus called a‘Blow & Vac’.

2
The new apparatus was tested by comparing its efficiency in extracting arthropods from vegetation with that of a conventional Dietrick, or‘D-Vac’, suction sampler.

3
Unimpeded air velocity inside the suction tube was approximately 4 times that of the D-Vac.

4
In field trials on semi-natural grasslands, the Blow & Vac caught more individuals of most spider and certain beetle species compared to the D-Vac and approximately equal numbers of Auchenorrhyncha.

5
We conclude that the‘Blow & Vac’has considerable potential for sampling arthropod populations. Its low cost and weight make it a suitable alternative to the conventional D-Vac apparatus.

A new inexpensive suction apparatus for sampling arthropods in grassland

In autumn 1991, aphid parasitoids of the genus Praon (Hymenoptera; Braconidae) were caught in water traps with lures containing synthetic aphid sex pheromone components at three sites in England and one in Germany. At two of the English sites and at the German site, the traps were placed in winter cereal fields whilst the third English site was in woodland. Three species were caught, P. volucre, P. dorsale and P. abjectum. Those caught in cereal fields were almost entirely P. volucre, whilst P. dorsale dominated at the woodland site. Of the known aphid sex pheromone components, the most effective lure was the (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. Nepetalactone traps placed at the woodland site in spring and summer caught few Praon females, and attraction may be confined to the autumn, when sexual female aphids are present in the field. Male parasitoids did not respond to the aphid pheromones at any time, although they were caught in suction traps operated at the woodland site during the autumn. At the cereal sites height had a significant influence on the efficiency of the pheromone traps, those placed just above the crop canopy being most effective. There was no evidence that any other genus of parasitoid responded to aphid sex pheromones at these sites.

The responses of Praon spp. parasitoids to aphid sex pheromone components in the field

Females of the aphid parasitoid Praon volucre were attracted to lures containing synthetic aphid sex pheromone components, particularly (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone, when these were placed on water traps in cereal fields in autumn. Trap catches were greatest at a site in S.W.England and fewest at sites in northern England 'and northern Germany, presumably due to climatic differences. Responses to the pheromones were not detected for any other cereal aphid parasitoids in the field trials, although Aphidius rhopalosiphi appears to possess olfactory receptors for (+)-(4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. A potential strategy for the use of aphid sex pheromone lures to manipulate aphid parasitoids in the field, in order to enhance their impact on aphid populations, is outlined.

Responses of the parasitoid Praon volucre (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to aphid sex pheromone lures in cereal fields in autumn: Implications for parasitoid manipulation

Biochemical interactions between plant-herbivore-parasitoid

Effectiveness of different insecticides applied at various growth stages to control aphids on winter wheat

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