Disinfection procedures for controlling microorganisms in the semen and embryos of humans and farm animals.

UNLABELLED The characteristics and functional capacity of ram spermatozoa frozen-thawed prior to and after flow cytometric sorting was assessed after incubation (37 degrees C; 6 h), in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and transfer of fresh and vitrified in vitro produced embryos. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from two rams were allocated to four treatment groups: (i) non-sorted (CONTROL); (ii) sorted (FS); (iii) sorted then re-frozen (FSF) and (iv) re-frozen control (FCF). Frozen-thawed samples were separated into X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa using a high-speed sperm sorter after density gradient centrifugation (X: 88 +/- 1.5% and Y: 87 +/- 1.1% purity). After 6 h incubation (37 degrees C), the percentage of motile spermatozoa was higher (P < 0.001) for FS (84 +/- 2.0%) compared with all other treatments ( CONTROL 36 +/- 3.3%, FSF: 28 +/- 3.1%, FCF: 20 +/- 2.0%). In a sperm migration test greater numbers of FS spermatozoa penetrated 5 mm into the artificial cervical mucus compared with spermatozoa from all other treatments (152 +/- 39.4 vs 31 +/- 9.2 spermatozoa respectively; P < 0.05). Fertilisation and cleavage rates were higher (P < 0.05) for in vitro matured oocytes inseminated with CONTROL compared with FSF spermatozoa. However, the Day 7 blastocyst development rate was higher for oocytes inseminated with FSF (62.2%) than FS and CONTROL spermatozoa (52.7 and 50.0%; P < 0.05). The number of ewes pregnant (Day 60), lambing and the in vivo embryo survival rate was greater (P < 0.01) after the transfer of fresh embryos rather than vitrified embryos derived from X- and Y-spermatozoa (67.6, 64.7 and 41.2% vs 29.6, 25.9 and 14.8% respectively). Twenty-six of the 30 (86.7%) lambs derived from sex-sorted spermatozoa were of the correct sex. These results demonstrate that frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa can be sex-sorted for immediate or future use after re-cryopreservation and, in conjunction with IVF and embryo transfer, can be used to efficiently produce offspring of pre-determined sex.

/pdf/birth-of-lambs-of-a-pre-determined-sex-after-in-vitro-b6g4m7qoy5.pdf

Birth of lambs of a pre-determined sex after in vitro production of embryos using frozen-thawed sex-sorted and re-frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa.

Foreword: Tom Lovejoy.- Introduction: Reproductive Science as an Essential Component of Conservation Biology.- Section I: Survival and Adaptation of Species in a Changing Environment.- The Importance of Reproduction for the Conservation of Slow-Growing Animal Populations.- Reproductive Impact of Environmental Chemicals on Animals.- The Transgenerational Impact of Environmental Change.- Stress, Well-Being and Reproductive Success.- Physiological Thresholds in the Context of Marine Mammal Conservation.- The Role of Reproductive Sciences in the Preservation and Breeding of Commercial and Threatened Teleost Fishes.- Reproductive Microbiomes in Wild Animal Species - A New Dimension in Conservation Biology.- Section II: Progress in Understanding, Assisting, or Suppressing Reproduction in Wild Species.- Update on Comparative Reproductive Biology of Elephants: Factors Affecting Reproduction, Health, and Welfare.- Comprehensive Breeding Techniques for the Giant Panda.- Marsupials: Progress and Prospects.- Using the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) as a Case Study to Illustrate the Development of Artificial Breeding Technology in Marsupials: An Update.- Reproductive Science Methods for Wild, Fully-Marine Mammals: Current Approaches and Future Applications.- Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application.- Reproductive Science in Sharks and Rays.- Cryopreservation as a Tool for Reef Restoration: 2019.- Fertility Control in Wildlife: Review of Current Status, Including Novel and Future Technologies.- From the Ivory Tower to Reality: Conclusions of the New Edition.-

Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation

Epidemiologic concerns relative to in vivo and in vitro production of livestock embryos.

Although the transfer of embryos is much less likely to result in disease transmission than the transport of live animals, the sanitary risks associated with embryo transfer continue to be the subject of both scientific investigations and adaptations of national and international legislation. Therefore, the implications are important for veterinary practitioners and livestock breeders. In vivo-derived and in vitro-produced embryos are widely used in cattle and embryos from other species, such as sheep, goats, pigs and horses, are also currently being transferred in fairly significant numbers. Bearing in mind the wide variety of embryos of different species and the correspondingly large number of viruses that are of concern, it is expedient at this time to look again at the importance of the zona pellucida (ZP) as a barrier against viruses and at the susceptibility or otherwise of embryonic cells to viral infection if ever they are exposed. For embryos with an intact ZP, viral infection of the embryo is unlikely to occur. However, the virus may stick to the ZP and, in this case, International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing procedures in combination with trypsin treatment are mandatory. A caveat is the fact that currently more and more types of embryos are becoming available for transfer and scientific data cannot be extrapolated from one species to another. These topics are discussed in the present review.

Is the zona pellucida an efficient barrier to viral infection

Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through embryo transfer

Survival of in vitro produced ovine embryos of different developmental stages after vitrification in EFS-40

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Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through embryo transfer

Survival of in vitro produced ovine embryos of different developmental stages after vitrification in EFS-40