This thesis investigates the relationship between Fascist Italy and the League of Nations (LoN) during the interwar period, with a particular focus on the years from 1922 to 1935. This relationship was contradictory, shifting from moments of active collaboration to moments of open disagreement. The existing historiography on the Italian membership of the League has not reflected this oscillation in policy, focusing disproportionally on the crises Italy caused at the League. However, Fascist Italy remained in the League for more than 15 years, ranking as the third-largest power, and was fully engaged in the institution's work. This dissertation investigates the dynamics that developed between Fascist Italy and the LoN through a systematic study of the Italians involved. In so doing, it contributes to the historiography of the LoN and of the Italian foreign policy in the interwar period. The thesis argues that there was more to the Italian membership of the LoN than the Ethiopian crisis. It reveals the extent of the Italian presence and activity in the institution from the beginning, and demonstrates that the organization was more important to the Italian government than previously recognized. Membership of the League was essential to guarantee Italy international legitimation and recognition. Through an active appropriation of internationalism, the Italian government hoped to obtain practical benefits in the colonial sphere. The thesis uncovers the depth and variety of interactions between nationalism and internationalism in the case of Italy and the League, establishing that they did not oppose each other but rather interacted. This dissertation illustrates the complexity of being an Italian working in the League, as well as the grey areas between nationalism and internationalism evident within individual experiences. Finally, it shows the continuity of actors and expertise in Italy's international cooperation between the interwar and the post-1945 period.

Italy and the League of Nations: nationalism and internationalism, 1922-1935

This paper falls into two main parts. In Part I an attempt is made to develop a simple framework which can be used for analyzing the role of sanctions, with special reference to international sanctions.1 In Part II this framework is used to investigate the status of the United Nations as a sanctioning body and, in particular, the relationship between the UN and Southern Africa where Rhodesia has been subjected to international economic sanctions since 1965 and South Africa has been under threat of similar measures since the early 1960s.2

International Sanctions: A Framework for Analysis with Special Reference to the UN and Southern Africa

This thesis explores the relationship between United Nations
sanctions and the rule of law. Its primary contention is that sanctions have
been applied in such a way that they have undermined the rule of law, thus
weakening the authority and legitimacy of the U.N. Security Council and the
U.N. sanctions system. As a consequence, States are less likely to comply
with their sanctions obligations to the extent necessary to ensure that
sanctions are effective. The challenge is therefore how to modify the Security
Council's sanctions practice so that sanctions command such respect and
inspire such confidence that States both desire and feel compelled to
implement sanctions fully and effectively.
The thesis proceeds in four Parts. Part I sets the stage for analysis,
introducing U.N. sanctions and proposing a basic accountability-based model
of the rule of law, according to which the central aim of the rule of law is to
prevent the abuse of power. Part II explores the origins of the Security
Council's sanctions powers, tracing the path leading to the enshrinement of
the Security Council's sanctions powers in the U.N. Charter and describing
the legal basis for the application of sanctions. Part III illustrates how the
Security Council has acted upon its sanctions powers in practice, charting the
manner in which the Council's sanctions-related decisions have shaped the
contours of the U.N. sanctions system. Part IV then operationalises the
theoretical framework for analysis developed in Part I, critically evaluating the
extent to which sanctions have strengthened the rule of law. It concludes that
the U.N. sanctions system exhibits shortcomings in respect of each of the key
elements of the rule of law and makes proposals for reforming the Security
Council's sanctions practice so that sanctions can strengthen, rather than
undermine, the rule of law.

Strengthening the rule of law or serving as a tool of war? : a critical analysis of United Nations sanctions

by Cherri Reni Wemlinger, Ph.D. Washington State University August 2012 Chairs: Heather Streets-Salter and Ray Sun In December 1934 a frontier skirmish between the Italians and Ethiopians at Walwal in southern Ethiopia touched off the Italo-Ethiopian Dispute (1934-1938). This Dispute, brought before the League of Nations, was one of a number of events in the inter-war period that contributed to public concerns about collective security. The official record deals with the Dispute in the shadow of World War II, Germany, and Japan. Yet beyond the official record is another body of documents that allows us not only to see what governments were doing, but also to glimpse a brief moment in which the people of the world expressed what they were thinking about the Dispute. Although not power brokers or major actors on the political stage, thousands of individuals wrote to the League of Nations. Organizations of all

Making their voices heard: Expressions of world opinion to the League of Nations during the Italo-Ethiopian Dispute (1934-1938)

Siam and the League of Nations: Modernization, Sovereignty and Multilateral Diplomacy, 1920-1940 Stefan Hell (Bangkok: River Books, 2010) Stefan Hell makes a welcome contribution to a neglected asp...

Siam and the League of Nations: Modernization, Sovereignty and Multilateral Diplomacy, 1920-1940

The actions of the states members of the League of nations in application of sanctions against Italy, 1935/1936

The first sanctions experiment : a study of League procedures

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The actions of the states members of the League of nations in application of sanctions against Italy, 1935/1936

The first sanctions experiment : a study of League procedures