In conventional classification, soft robots feature mechanical compliance as the main distinguishing factor from traditional robots made of rigid materials. Recent advances in functional soft materials have facilitated the emergence of a new class of soft robots capable of tether-free actuation in response to external stimuli such as heat, light, solvent, or electric or magnetic field. Among the various types of stimuli-responsive materials, magnetic soft materials have shown remarkable progress in their design and fabrication, leading to the development of magnetic soft robots with unique advantages and potential for many important applications. However, the field of magnetic soft robots is still in its infancy and requires further advancements in terms of design principles, fabrication methods, control mechanisms, and sensing modalities. Successful future development of magnetic soft robots would require a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principle of magnetic actuation, as well as the physical properties and behavior of magnetic soft materials. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the design and fabrication, modeling and simulation, and actuation and control of magnetic soft materials and robots. We then give a set of design guidelines for optimal actuation performance of magnetic soft materials. Lastly, we summarize potential biomedical applications of magnetic soft robots and provide our perspectives on next-generation magnetic soft robots.

Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots.

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are ferromagnetic particle impregnated rubbers whose mechanical properties are altered by the application of external magnetic fields. Due to their strong magnetoelastic coupling response MREs are finding an increasing number of engineering applications, thus necessitating appropriate theoretical descriptions which is the objective of this work. Two different continuum formulations for MREs are presented: an Eulerian (current configuration) based approach using the second law of thermodynamics plus the conservation laws method of mechanics and a new, Lagrangian (reference configuration) based formulation based on the unconstrained minimization of a potential energy functional. It is shown that both approaches yield the same governing equations and boundary conditions. Following a discussion of general properties of the free energy function of MREs, we use a particular such function to illustrate the magnetoelastic coupling phenomena in a cylinder subjected to traction or torsion under the presence of external magnetic fields.

On finitely strained magnetorheological elastomers

In this paper we first summarize the equations governing the deformation of magneto-sensitive (MS) elastic solids with particular reference to elastomers whose mechanical properties may be changed rapidly by the application of a magnetic field. These 'smart materials' typically consist of micron-sized ferrous particles dispersed within an elastomeric matrix. Constitutive relations for isotropic MS-elastic solids are examined. The equations are then applied to a representative geometry appropriate for applications, that in which the material is confined to a circular cylindrical tube in the presence of a radial magnetic field. The material is then subject to an axial shear deformation. Results are illustrated for two specific material models, for each of which the shear stiffness of the material increases with the magnetic field strength, as observed in experiments on MS elastomers.

Magnetoelastic modelling of elastomers

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a class of recently emerged smart materials whose moduli are largely influenced when exposed to an external magnetic field. The MREs are particulate composites, where micro-sized magnetic particles are dispersed inside a non-magnetic polymeric matrix. These elastomers are known for changing their mechanical and rheological properties in the presence of a magnetic field. This change in properties is widely known as the magnetorheological (MR) effect. The MR effect depends on a number of factors such as type of matrix materials, type, concentration and distribution of magnetic particles, use of additives, working modes, and magnetic field strength. The investigation of MREs’ mechanical properties in both off-field and on-field (i.e. absence and presence of a magnetic field) is crucial to deploy them in real engineering applications. The common magneto-mechanical characterization experiments of MREs include static and dynamic compression, tensile, and shear tests in both off-field and on-field. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the magneto-mechanical characterizations of MREs along with brief coverage of the MRE materials and their fabrication methods.

/pdf/a-review-on-magneto-mechanical-characterizations-of-44oze4h4zx.pdf

A review on magneto-mechanical characterizations of magnetorheological elastomers

The numerical modelling of non-linear electroelasticity is presented in this work. Based on well-established basic equations of non-linear electroelasticity a variational formulation is built and the finite element method is employed to solve the non-linear electro-mechanical coupling problem. Numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy of the implemented formulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Numerical modelling of non-linear electroelasticity

Mathematical modeling of magneto-sensitive elastomers

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

A. Dorfmann

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Mathematical modeling of magneto-sensitive elastomers