Due to the continuous rise of global temperatures and heatwaves worldwide as a result of climate change, concerns for the health and safety of working populations have increased. Workers in the food production chain, particularly farmworkers, are especially vulnerable to heat stress due to the strenuous nature of their work, which is performed primarily outdoors under poor working conditions. At the cross-section of climate change and farmworkers' health, a scoping review was undertaken to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the health impacts associated with climate change and heat stress, guide future research toward better understanding current and future climate change risks, and inform policies to protect the health and safety of agricultural workers. A systematic search of 5 electronic databases and gray literature websites was conducted to identify relevant literature published up until December 2021. A total of 9045 records were retrieved from the searches, of which 92 articles were included in the final review. The majority of the reviewed articles focused on heat-related illnesses (n = 57) and kidney diseases (n = 28). The risk factors identified in the reviewed studies included gender, dehydration, heat strain, wearing inappropriate clothing, workload, piece-rate payment, job decision latitude, and hot environmental conditions. On the other hand, various protective and preventive factors were identified including drinking water, changing work hours and schedule of activities, wearing appropriate clothing, reducing soda consumption, taking breaks in shaded or air-conditioned areas, and increasing electrolyte consumption in addition to improving access to medical care. This review also identified various factors that are unique to vulnerable agricultural populations, including migrant and child farmworkers. Our findings call for an urgent need to expand future research on vulnerable agricultural communities including migrant workers so as to develop effective policies and interventions that can protect these communities from the effects of heat stress.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.782811/pdf

Impacts of Climate Change and Heat Stress on Farmworkers' Health: A Scoping Review

A comparative review: Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) research conducted in Latin America versus Asia.

Risk factors for endemic chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka: Retrospect of water security in the dry zone

Occupational heat stress induced health impacts: A cross-sectional study from South Indian working population

The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what was the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.

/pdf/groundwater-as-a-potential-cause-of-chronic-kidney-disease-3wiyqmf9zv.pdf

Groundwater as a potential cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review

Chronic kidney disease in the absence of hypertension and diabetes is a growing problem among agricultural laborers in tropical and subtropical regions. It is unclear if heat stress and dehydration are risk factors for this form of chronic kidney disease (CKDu). To investigate this relationship, agricultural workers in four villages (n = 261) in North Central Province, Sri Lanka completed the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) health hazard evaluation of heat stress, translated into Sinhalese (July 2017). We constructed a heat stress/dehydration index based on the frequency of 16 symptoms (range 0–32; reliability, 0.84). Workers provided a urine sample for dipstick assessment of urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and refractometer analysis of urine concentration. Of 261 respondents, 41 participants reported diabetes or chronic kidney disease. They scored higher on the heat stress-dehydration index (10.78 vs. 8.03, p   30 (85.4% vs. 69.4%, p

Relevance of heat stress and dehydration to chronic kidney disease (CKDu) in Sri Lanka

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Relevance of heat stress and dehydration to chronic kidney disease (CKDu) in Sri Lanka