Graphene and graphene oxide have attracted tremendous interest over the past decade due to their unique and excellent electronic, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This review focuses on the functional modification of graphene and graphene oxide. First, the basic structure, preparation methods and properties of graphene and graphene oxide are briefly described. Subsequently, the methods for the reduction of graphene oxide are introduced. Next, the functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide is mainly divided into covalent binding modification, non-covalent binding modification and elemental doping. Then, the properties and application prospects of the modified products are summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions are presented in terms of surface functional modification for graphene and graphene oxide.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ra/d0ra01068e

Progress in the functional modification of graphene/graphene oxide: a review

Nanoelectronic devices based on 2D materials are far from delivering their full theoretical performance potential due to the lack of scalable insulators. Amorphous oxides that work well in silicon technology have ill-defined interfaces with 2D materials and numerous defects, while 2D hexagonal boron nitride does not meet required dielectric specifications. The list of suitable alternative insulators is currently very limited. Thus, a radically different mindset with respect to suitable insulators for 2D technologies may be required. We review possible solution scenarios like the creation of clean interfaces, production of native oxides from 2D semiconductors and more intensive studies on crystalline insulators. The lack of scalable, high-quality insulators is a major problem hindering the progress on electronic devices built from 2D materials. Here, the authors review the current state-of-the-art and the future prospects of suitable insulators for 2D technologies.

/pdf/insulators-for-2d-nanoelectronics-the-gap-to-bridge-8fvlc9e3x5.pdf

Insulators for 2D nanoelectronics: the gap to bridge.

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits at their ultimate scaling limits place extreme demands on the properties of all materials involved. The requirements for semiconductors are well explored and could possibly be satisfied by a number of layered two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides or black phosphorus. The requirements for gate insulators are arguably even more challenging. At present, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is the most common 2D insulator and is widely considered to be the most promising gate insulator in 2D material-based transistors. Here we assess the material parameters and performance limits of hBN. We compare experimental and theoretical tunnel currents through ultrathin layers (equivalent oxide thickness of less than 1 nm) of hBN and other 2D gate insulators, including the ideal case of defect-free hBN. Though its properties make hBN a candidate for many applications in 2D nanoelectronics, excessive leakage currents lead us to conclude that hBN is unlikely to be suitable for use as a gate insulator in ultrascaled CMOS devices. This Perspective assesses the performance limits of hexagonal boron nitride when used as a gate insulator in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices based on two-dimensional materials, concluding that due to excessive leakage currents, the material is unlikely to be suitable for use in ultrascaled CMOS devices.

The performance limits of hexagonal boron nitride as an insulator for scaled CMOS devices based on two-dimensional materials

Flexible High-Resolution Triboelectric Sensor Array Based on Patterned Laser-Induced Graphene for Self-Powered Real-Time Tactile Sensing

Silicon-based transistors are approaching their physical limits and thus new high-mobility semiconductors are sought to replace silicon in the microelectronics industry. Both bulk materials (such as silicon-germanium and III–V semiconductors) and low-dimensional nanomaterials (such as one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides) have been explored, but, unlike silicon, which uses silicon dioxide (SiO2) as its gate dielectric, these materials suffer from the absence of a high-quality native oxide as a dielectric counterpart. This can lead to compatibility problems in practical devices. Here, we show that an atomically thin gate dielectric of bismuth selenite (Bi2SeO5) can be conformally formed via layer-by-layer oxidization of an underlying high-mobility two-dimensional semiconductor, Bi2O2Se. Using this native oxide dielectric, high-performance Bi2O2Se field-effect transistors can be created, as well as inverter circuits that exhibit a large voltage gain (as high as 150). The high dielectric constant (~21) of Bi2SeO5 allows its equivalent oxide thickness to be reduced to 0.9 nm while maintaining a gate leakage lower than thermal SiO2. The Bi2SeO5 can also be selectively etched away by a wet chemical method that leaves the mobility of the underlying Bi2O2Se semiconductor almost unchanged. An atomically thin high-κ gate dielectric of Bi2SeO5 can be formed via layer-by-layer oxidization of an underlying two-dimensional semiconductor, allowing high-performance field-effect transistors and inverters to be fabricated.

A native oxide high-κ gate dielectric for two-dimensional electronics

Similar to silicon-based semiconductor devices, van der Waals heterostructures require integration with high-k oxides. Here, we demonstrate a method to embed and pattern a multifunctional few-nanometer-thick high-k oxide within various van der Waals devices without degrading the properties of the neighboring two-dimensional materials. This transformation allows for the creation of several fundamental nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, including flexible Schottky barrier field-effect transistors, dual-gated graphene transistors, and vertical light-emitting/detecting tunneling transistors. Furthermore, upon dielectric breakdown, electrically conductive filaments are formed. This filamentation process can be used to electrically contact encapsulated conductive materials. Careful control of the filamentation process also allows for reversible switching memories. This nondestructive embedding of a high-k oxide within complex van der Waals heterostructures could play an important role in future flexible multifunctional van der Waals devices.

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/5/1/eaau0906.full.pdf

Laser-writable high-k dielectric for van der Waals nanoelectronics.

Like silicon-based semiconductor devices, van der Waals heterostructures will require integration with high-K oxides. This is needed to achieve suitable voltage scaling, improved performance as well as allowing for added functionalities. Unfortunately, commonly used high-k oxide deposition methods are not directly compatible with 2D materials. Here we demonstrate a method to embed a multi-functional few nm thick high-k oxide within van der Waals devices without degrading the properties of the neighbouring 2D materials. This is achieved by in-situ laser oxidation of embedded few layer HfS2 crystals. The resultant oxide is found to be in the amorphous phase with a dielectric constant of k~15 and break-down electric fields in the range of 0.5-0.6 V/nm. This transformation allows for the creation of a variety of fundamental nano-electronic and opto-electronic devices including, flexible Schottky barrier field effect transistors, dual gated graphene transistors as well as vertical light emitting and detecting tunnelling transistors. Furthermore, upon dielectric break-down, electrically conductive filaments are formed. This filamentation process can be used to electrically contact encapsulated conductive materials. Careful control of the filamentation process also allows for reversible switching between two resistance states. This allows for the creation of resistive switching random access memories (ReRAMs). We believe that this method of embedding a high-k oxide within complex van der Waals heterostructures could play an important role in future flexible multi-functional van der Waals devices.

Laser writable high-K dielectric for van der Waals nano-electronics

Graphene-based materials are being widely explored for a range of biomedical applications, from targeted drug delivery to biosensing, bioimaging and use for antibacterial treatments, to name but a ...

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0057

New routes to the functionalization patterning and manufacture of graphene-based materials for biomedical applications

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Laser-writable high-k dielectric for van der Waals nanoelectronics.

Laser writable high-K dielectric for van der Waals nano-electronics

New routes to the functionalization patterning and manufacture of graphene-based materials for biomedical applications