The thermal boundary resistance present at interfaces between helium and solids (Kapitza resistance) and the thermal boundary resistance at interfaces between two solids are discussed for temperatures above 0.1 K. The apparent qualitative differences in the behavior of the boundary resistance at these two types of interfaces can be understood within the context of two limiting models of the boundary resistance, the acoustic mismatch model, which assumes no scattering, and the diffuse mismatch model, which assumes that all phonons incident on the interface will scatter. If the acoustic impedances of the two media in contact are very different, as is the case for helium (liquid or solid) in contact with a solid, then phonon scattering at the interface will reduce the boundary resistance. In the limiting case of diffuse mismatch, this reduction is typically over 2 orders of magnitude. Phonons are very sensitive to surface defects, and therefore the Kapitza resistance is very sensitive to the condition of the interface. For typical solid-solid interfaces, at which the acoustic impedances are less different, the influence of diffuse scattering is relatively small; even for the two limiting cases of acoustic mismatch and diffuse mismatch the predicted boundary resistances differ by very little (\ensuremath{\lesssim} 30%). Consequently, the experimentally determined values are expected to be rather insensitive to the condition of the interface, in agreement with recent observations. Subsurface (bulk) disorder and imperfect physical contact between the solids play far more important roles and led to the irreproducibilities observed in the early measurements of the solid-solid thermal boundary resistance.

Thermal boundary resistance

This review highlights various aspects of current palladium membrane research and serves as a comprehensive bibliography covering palladium membrane preparation methods and applications. There are many promising uses for palladium membranes, although widespread use of the available technologies is constrained primarily by the high cost of palladium, lack of durability due to hydrogen embrittlement, and susceptibility to fouling. Various researchers in the field are tackling these problems and fabricating thinner palladium alloy composite membranes that better withstand contaminantion and thermal cycling. What has been accomplished to address these issues and the directions presently being explored are discussed.

Innovations in palladium membrane research

PART 1: PLENARY LECTURES. PART 2: KEYNOTE LECTURES. FUNDAMENTALS. BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. INSTRUMENTATION AND IONIZATION. ANALYTICAL ORGANIC MS. INORGANIC MS. PART 3: ORAL PRESENTATIONS. FUNDAMENTALS. BIOCHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS. INSTRUMENTATION AND IONIZATON. ANALYTICAL ORGANIC MS. INORGANIC MS. PART 4: POSTERS. INSTRUMENTATION AND IONIZATION. New Developments and Miniaturized Instruments. Ion Cyclotron Response. Quadrupole Ion Traps. Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Electrospray and MALDI: Ionization: Fundamentals. Simulations and Ion Optics. BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Mass Spectrometry in Biochemistry Sequencing of Biopolymers by Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry to Study Higher Order Structures. Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Chemistry and Medicine. Mass Spectrometry of Lipids, Hormones and Biomarkers. Mass Spectrometry in Toxicology and Pharmacology. Mass Spectrometry in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Mass Spectrometry in Immunology and Microbiology. Mass Spectrometry in Cancer Research. Mass Spectrometry in Food and Nutrition. Drugs and Metabolism, Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery and Combinatorial Library Screening. FUNDAMENTALS. Gas Phase Ion Chemistry: Reaction Mechanisms and Ion Structures. Ion Thermochemistry and Structure: Experimental and Computational Approaches. Ion Complexes and Ion Clusters, Hydrogen--Bonding and Noncovalent Interactions. Ion Activation, Dissociation and Mobility. ANALYTICAL ORGANIC MASS SPECTROMETRY. Separation Techniques in Mass Spectrometry, Direct Sampling by Mass Spectrometry. Organic Analysis. Environmental and Forensic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Analysis of Natural Products and Bioactive Intermediates. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Synthetic Polymers. Fuel Chemistry. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS. Data Processing: Biological Mass Spectrometry and Chemometric Methods. Qualty Control and GLP in Mass Spectrometry. INORGANIC MASS SPECTROMETRY: INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS. Instrumentation and New Developments. Inorganic Trace Analysis of Biological and Environmental Material. Trace Element Speciation with Mass Spectrometric Detectors. Mass Spectrometry in Geosciences and Nuclear Technology. Materials Characterization and Surface Reactions. Index of Contributors. Subject Index.

Advances in mass spectrometry

Specific ion effects (SIE), encompassing the Hofmeister Series, have been known for more than 130 years since Hofmeister and Lewith's foundational work. SIEs are ubiquitous and are observed across the medical, biological, chemical and industrial sciences. Nevertheless, no general predictive theory has yet been able to explain ion specificity across these fields; it remains impossible to predict when, how, and to what magnitude, a SIE will be observed. In part, this is due to the complexity of real systems in which ions, counterions, solvents and cosolutes all play varying roles, which give rise to anomalies and reversals in anticipated SIEs. Herein we review the historical explanations for SIE in water and the key ion properties that have been attributed to them. Systems where the Hofmeister series is perturbed or reversed are explored, as is the behaviour of ions at the liquid-vapour interface. We discuss SIEs in mixed electrolytes, nonaqueous solvents, and in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions - exciting frontiers in this field with particular relevance to biological and electrochemical applications. We conclude the perspective by summarising the challenges and opportunities facing this SIE research that highlight potential pathways towards a general predictive theory of SIE.

/pdf/understanding-specific-ion-effects-and-the-hofmeister-series-ii2xuozi.pdf

Understanding specific ion effects and the Hofmeister series.

Hydrogen electrosorption in Pd-Pt-Rh alloys

In this study we show a reproduction of the Zhadin experiment, which consists of the transient increase of the electrolytic current flow across an aqueous solution of L-arginine and L-glutamic acid induced by a proper low frequency alternating magnetic field superimposed to a static magnetic field of higher strength. We have identified the mechanisms that were at the origin of the so-far poor reproducibility of the above effect: the state of polarization of the electrode turned out to be a key parameter. The electrochemical investigation of the system shows that the observed phenomenon involves the transitory activation of the anode due to ion cyclotron frequency effect, followed again by anode passivation due to the adsorption of amino acid and its oxidation products. The likely occurrence of similar ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) phenomena at biological membranes, the implications on ion circulation in living matter, and the consequent biological impact of environmental magnetic fields are eventually discussed.

Dynamics of the ion cyclotron resonance effect on amino acids adsorbed at the interfaces

Hydrogen dissolves in metals by occupying interstitial positions and expanding the lattice. It follows that a stress field is generated by the loading process itself. The aim of this paper is to discuss, on the basis of experimental results, whether the stress field is responsible for the force which limits the attainment of high concentrations of hydrogen in massive palladium samples. A calculation of the H/Pd concentration shows that stress-field relaxation aids the hydrogen uptake and our experimental results show that a suitable loading path can improve the final loading ratio.

Consequences of lattice expansive strain gradients on hydrogen loading in palladium

Electrolytic hydriding of Pd79.5Rh20.5 alloy

It has been claimed that weak extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) can affect biochemical reactions and a wide-ranging body of literature is available on this topic. Nevertheless, the physical nature of these effects remains largely unknown. We investigated the influence of ELF-EMF on glutamic acid solutions using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra. Samples were exposed for 10, 20, or 30 min to a weak EMF generated by Helmoltz coils, and then placed in a spectrometer. After exposure, those solutions that had a pH lower than the isoelectric point tended to show a shift toward the deprotonation of the carboxylic group, while solutions having a pH greater than the isoelectric point showed the deprotonation of the residual amine group. Moreover, at low pH values, we also detected a shift of the δantisym band of the amine. The effects lasted a few minutes after exposure before the native configuration was restored. The spectral modifications were observed after each independent exposure to EMFs, and the same effects were seen by varying the frequencies in the range of 0–7 kHz. Therefore, the hypothesis of the existence of a resonant frequency that has been proposed elsewhere cannot be supported by the results of this study. The most surprising characteristic of this effect is the long-lasting nature of the perturbation, which is hard to be explained in terms of short-living excitations in biological matter. Bioelectromagnetics 32:218–225, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Deprotonation of glutamic acid induced by weak magnetic field: An FTIR-ATR study

ATR-FTIR study of the isosbestic point in water solution of electrolytes

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