Résumé The ocean engine of NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its interactions with the others components of the earth climate system over a wide range of space and time scales. Prognostic variables are the three-dimensional velocity field, a linear or non-linear sea surface height, the temperature and the salinity. In the horizontal direction, the model uses a curvilinear orthogonal grid and in the vertical direction, a full or partial step z-coordinate, or s-coordinate, or a mixture of the two. The distribution of variables is a three-dimensional Arakawa C-type grid. Various physical choices are available to describe ocean physics, including TKE, GLS and KPP vertical physics. Within NEMO, the ocean is interfaced with a sea-ice model (LIM v2 and v3), passive tracer and biogeochemical models (TOP) and, via the OASIS coupler, with several atmospheric general circulation models. It also support two-way grid embedding via the AGRIF software. Le moteur océanique de NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) est un modèle aux équations primitives de la circulation océanique régionale et globale. Il se veut un outil flexible pour étudier sur un vaste spectre spatiotemporel l’océan et ses interactions avec les autres composantes du système climatique terrestre. Les variables pronostiques sont le champ tridimensionnel de vitesse, une hauteur de la mer linéaire ou non, la temperature et la salinité. La distribution des variables se fait sur une grille C d’Arakawa tridimensionnelle utilisant une coordonnée verticale z à niveaux entiers ou partiels, ou une coordonnée s, ou encore une combinaison des deux. Différents choix sont proposés pour décrire la physique océanique, incluant notamment des physiques verticales TKE, GLS et KPP. A travers l’infrastructure NEMO, l’océan est interfacé avec des modèles de glace de mer, de biogéochimie et de traceurs passifs, et, via le coupleur OASIS, à plusieurs modèles de circulation générale atmosphérique. Il supporte également l’emboı̂tement interactif de maillages via le logiciel AGRIF.

NEMO ocean engine

Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models

Series of sensitivity tests were performed with a z-coordinate, global eddy-permitting (1/4°) ocean/sea-ice model (the ORCA-R025 model configuration developed for the DRAKKAR project) to carefully evaluate the impact of recent state-of-the-art numerical schemes on model solutions. The combination of an energy–enstrophy conserving (EEN) scheme for momentum advection with a partial step (PS) representation of the bottom topography yields significant improvements in the mean circulation. Well known biases in the representation of western boundary currents, such as in the Atlantic the detachment of the Gulf Stream, the path of the North Atlantic Current, the location of the Confluence, and the strength of the Zapiola Eddy in the south Atlantic, are partly corrected. Similar improvements are found in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans, and characteristics of the mean flow are generally much closer to observations. Comparisons with other state-of-the-art models show that the ORCA-R025 configuration generally performs better at similar resolution. In addition, the model solution is often comparable to solutions obtained at 1/6 or 1/10° resolution in some aspects concerning mean flow patterns and distribution of eddy kinetic energy. Although the reasons for these improvements are not analyzed in detail in this paper, evidence is shown that the combination of EEN with PS reduces numerical noise near the bottom, which is likely to affect current–topography interactions in a systematic way. We conclude that significant corrections of the mean biases presently seen in general circulation model solutions at eddy-permitting resolution can still be expected from the development of numerical methods, which represent an alternative to increasing resolution.

/pdf/impact-of-partial-steps-and-momentum-advection-schemes-in-a-5gqndptavf.pdf

Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution

The causes and characteristics of interannual–decadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the North Atlantic are investigated with a suite of basin-scale ocean models [the Family of Linked Atlantic Model Experiments (FLAME)] and global ocean–ice models (ORCA), varying in resolution from medium to eddy resolving (½°–1/12°), using various forcing configurations built on bulk formulations invoking atmospheric reanalysis products. Comparison of the model hindcasts indicates similar MOC variability characteristics on time scales up to a decade; both model architectures also simulate an upward trend in MOC strength between the early 1970s and mid-1990s. The causes of the MOC changes are examined by perturbation experiments aimed selectively at the response to individual forcing components. The solutions emphasize an inherently linear character of the midlatitude MOC variability by demonstrating that the anomalies of a (non–eddy resolving) hindcast simulation can be understood as a superposition of decadal and longer-term signals originating from thermohaline forcing variability, and a higher-frequency wind-driven variability. The thermohaline MOC signal is linked to the variability in subarctic deep-water formation, and rapidly progressing to the tropical Atlantic. However, throughout the subtropical and midlatitude North Atlantic, this signal is effectively masked by stronger MOC variability related to wind forcing and, especially north of 30°–35°N, by internally induced (eddy) fluctuations.

/pdf/causes-of-interannual-decadal-variability-in-the-meridional-231sybh6z0.pdf

Causes of Interannual–Decadal Variability in the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean

The expansion of OMZs (oxygen minimum zones) due to climate change and their possible evolution and impacts on the ecosystems and the atmosphere are still debated, mostly because of the unability of global climate models to adequatly reproduce the processes governing OMZs. In this study, we examine the factors controlling the oxygen budget, i.e. the equilibrium between oxygen sources and sinks in the northern Arabian Sea OMZ using an eddy-resolving biophysical model.

/pdf/controlling-factors-of-the-oxygen-balance-in-the-arabian-sea-9od0uak0az.pdf

Controlling factors of the oxygen balance in the Arabian Sea's OMZ

As part of the French CLIPPER project, an eddy permitting model of the Atlantic circulation has been run for 22 years. The domain has open boundaries at Drake passage and at 30°E, from Africa to Antarctica. The simulated mean circulation, as well as the eddy activity, is satisfactory for a 1/3° model resolution, and the meridional heat transport at 30°S is within the range estimated from observations. We use the “mixed” open boundary algorithm of Barnier et al. [1998], which has both a radiation condition and a relaxation to climatology. The climatological boundary forcing strongly constrains the solution in the whole domain. The model heat balance adjusts through the surface (heat flux retroaction term) more than the open boundaries. The radiation phase velocities calculated within the algorithm are analyzed. This shows, quite surprisingly, that both the eastern and western boundaries have a similar behavior, regardless of the preferred directions for advection (mainly eastward) and wave propagation (mainly westward). Our results confirm that open boundary algorithms behave differently according to the dynamics of the region considered. The passive boundary condition that Penduff et al. [2000] applied successfully in the north eastern Atlantic does not work in the present South Atlantic model. We emphasize the need for a careful prescription of the climatology at the open boundary, for which a new approach based on synoptic sections is implemented.

/pdf/an-eddy-permitting-model-of-the-atlantic-circulation-12lptya8k3.pdf

An eddy-permitting model of the Atlantic circulation: evaluating open boundary conditions

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An eddy-permitting model of the Atlantic circulation: evaluating open boundary conditions