Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology

Polyaniline (PANI) has been widely used for the energy storage applications either as a conducting agent or directly as an electroactive material due to the tunable pseudocapacitive performance owing to its various oxidation states. Although PANI supercapacitors are known for over three decades, immediate attention has been paid just over the past few years due to the potential practical applications. Here, we extensively review recent works on PANI-based supercapacitors using nanocomposites of PANI with other electrochemically active materials including carbonaceous materials and metal oxides. Recent works on developing new electrolytes for PANI supercapacitors including utilization of additional redox systems within the electrolyte, neutral electrolytes, and solid-state electrolytes are discussed. Some other interesting applications of PANI in energy-related applications are also covered in this review. 

Polyaniline supercapacitors

Graphene research and their outputs: Status and prospect

Textile wastewater heavy metal pollution has become a severe environmental problem worldwide. Metal ion inclusion in a dye molecule exhibits a bathochromic shift producing deeper but duller shades, which provides excellent colouration. The ejection of a massive volume of wastewater containing heavy metal ions such as Cr (VI), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) and metal-containing dyes are an unavoidable consequence because the textile industry consumes large quantities of water and all these chemicals cannot be combined entirely with fibres during the dyeing process. These high concentrations of chemicals in effluents interfere with the natural water resources, cause severe toxicological implications on the environment with a dramatic impact on human health. This article reviewed the various metal-containing dye types and their heavy metal ions pollution from entryway to the wastewater, which then briefly explored the effects on human health and the environment. Graphene-based absorbers, specially graphene oxide (GO) benefits from an ordered structured, high specific surface area, and flexible surface functionalization options, which are indispensable to realize a high performance of heavy metal ion removal. These exceptional adsorption properties of graphene-based materials support a position of ubiquity in our everyday lives. The collective representation of the textile wastewater's effective remediation methods is discussed and focused on the GO-based adsorption methods. Understanding the critical impact regarding the GO-based materials established adsorption portfolio for heavy metal ions removal are also discussed. Various heavy-metal ions and their pollutant effect, ways to remove such heavy metal ions and role of graphene-based adsorbent including their demand, perspective, limitation, and relative scopes are discussed elaborately in the review.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/tcr.202000153

A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide-Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment

Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon material with a honeycomb lattice and Dirac-like low-energy excitations. When Zeeman and spin-orbit interactions are neglected, its Landau levels are fourfold degenerate, explaining the 4e2/h separation between quantized Hall conductivity values seen in recent experiments. In this Letter we derive a criterion for the occurrence of interaction-driven quantum Hall effects near intermediate integer values of e2/h due to charge gaps in broken symmetry states.

Quantum Hall Ferromagnetism in Graphene

The invention of carbon and its allotropes have transformed the electronic and optoelectronic industry due to their encouraging properties in a large spectrum of applications. The interesting characteristic of carbon is its ability to form many allotropes due to its valency. In recent decades, various allotropes and forms of carbon have been invented, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene (GR). Since the inception of nanotechnology, carbon allotropes-based nanocomposites have become a leading sector of research and advancement due to their unique bonding properties. Fullerenes and CNTs-based polymer nanocomposites have attracted significant research interest due to their vast applications in every sphere of science and technology. Current research impetus reveals that carbon and its allotropes have revolutionized the industry and academia due to their fascinated properties. Recent advances in various aspects of graphene, CNTs, graphene nanoribbons, fullerenes, carbon encapsul...

Magical Allotropes of Carbon: Prospects and Applications

Platelike montmorillonite (known as nanoclay), with ∼1 nm thick aluminosilicate layers, is the most common layered silicate used because of its availability and environment-friendly nature. With the increasing demand for cheaper and eco-friendly materials for energy storage applications, these layered silicates could be explored as a suitable candidate. In this work, a series of self-assembled three-dimensional electrode materials for supercapacitors have been synthesized from carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Cloisite 30B, and polyaniline (PANI) by both in situ and ex situ approaches. The role of the layered silicate in the electrochemical performance of these electrode materials has been explored. Morphological studies revealed the successful coating of PANI over the CNTs and silicate layers of the Cloisite 30B and the development of a self-assembled three-dimensional porous sandwichlike structure. With the incorporation of layered silicate, the morphology was observed to be highly porous with an enhanced electr...

Enhanced Specific Capacitance of Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube/Layered Silicate/Polyaniline Hybrid Sandwiched Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Applications

This paper explores the possibility of dealing with two major challenges of the contemporary world, i.e., waste management and storage of energy. This study presents the extraction and application of cellulose (from waste paper) based composites for supercapacitor electrodes with a view to mitigate the energy crisis. In situ polymerization is used for the synthesis of benign composites comprising cellulose, polypyrrole (PPy) and graphene. It has been observed that inclusion of cellulose in PPy increases the specific capacitance by 318% with moderate energy density and appreciably high power density compared to PPy alone. Similar results are obtained for graphene/PPy/cellulose composites where a 273% increase of specific capacitance is observed with the incorporation of cellulose in graphene/PPy composites without deteriorating the cyclic stabilities of the electrode materials.

Effect of waste cellulose fibres on the charge storage capacity of polypyrrole and graphene/polypyrrole electrodes for supercapacitor application

Nanoclay based graphene polyaniline (PANI) hybrid nanocomposites were synthesized by both in situ and ex situ approaches and the effect of the nanoclay on the energy storage capability was explored. The coating status of PANI over the surface of both graphene and nanoclay was analyzed with SEM & FESEM. The electrochemical properties of all the samples were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, charging discharging measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using 1 M aq. KCl as the electrolyte and a conventional three electrode system. All the results revealed a better electrochemical performance of the nanoclay based hybrid nanocomposites as compared to other systems. It was found that the in situ product exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 375 F g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 which was higher than other similar systems. We have also explored the effect of sequential addition of the nanoclay towards the capacitive performance.

Nanoclay based graphene polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites: promising electrode materials for supercapacitors

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Papers

Magical Allotropes of Carbon: Prospects and Applications

Enhanced Specific Capacitance of Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube/Layered Silicate/Polyaniline Hybrid Sandwiched Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Applications

Effect of waste cellulose fibres on the charge storage capacity of polypyrrole and graphene/polypyrrole electrodes for supercapacitor application

Nanoclay based graphene polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites: promising electrode materials for supercapacitors