Interactions between hazardous space plasmas and spacecraft surfaces often result in spacecraft charging. Spacecraft charging may disturb the scientific measurements onboard, affect communications, control, and operations of spacecraft, and may be harmful to the health of the electronics on the spacecraft. Several mitigation methods have been proposed or tested in recent years. This paper presents a critical overview on all of the mitigation methods known to date: 1) passive methods using sharp spikes and high secondary emission coefficient surface materials and 2) active methods using controlled emissions of electrons, ions, plasmas, neutral gas, and polar molecules. Paradoxically, emission of low-energy positive ions from a highly negatively charged spacecraft can reduce the charging level, because the ions tend to return and may generate secondary electrons which then escape. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods and illustrate the ideas by means of examples of results obtained on SCATHA and DSCS satellites. Finally, mitigation of deep dielectric charging is briefly discussed.

A critical overview on spacecraft charging mitigation methods

The CHARGE-2 sounding rocket payload has measured the transient and steady-state charging of a spacecraft in LEO during the emission of a low-power electron beam The electron beam successfully escaped the emitting spacecraft above 240 km, rather than being degraded by the spacecraft's potentials These potentials were limited to about half of the 1-kV beam accelerating potential at all latitudes, suggesting that the electron beam was able to escape at altitudes down to 160 km Electrons created from beam-plasma interactions become increasingly important in the return current below 240 km, and increased with decreasing altitude

Vehicle Charging Effects During Electron Beam Emission from the CHARGE-2 Experiment

The Echo 7 experiment is discussed. Echo 7 studied the electric and magnetic field configurations and the diffusion and energization of electrons moving along field lines crossing the equatorial plane between 6 and 10 R(E), where the inner plasma sheet interacts with the dipole field. Echo 7 also studied the beam-system interaction with the local auroral zone ionosphere. The methods used in these studies and the results achieved are reviewed. 28 refs.

ECHO 7: An electron beam experiment in the magnetosphere

This paper represents a continuation of an investigation of the nature and origin of the particle populations associated with an electron beam-emitting rocket experiment in the ionosphere. In this investigation, the intense flux of suprathermal electrons created around such a rocket has been studied by several groups. Arnoldy and Winckler (1981) have discussed the vehicle floating potential problem. The present paper is concerned with results which have been obtained from the Echo 4 and 5 experiments considered by Swanson (1983). Attention is given to instrumentation, suprathermal electrons, thermal ions, energetic ions, and ion resonances.

The energization of electrons and ions by electron beams injected in the ionosphere

Potential observations of an electron-emitting rocket payload and other related plasma measurements

Peculiarities of the environment disturbance during the electron beam injection from the rocket

Plasma Processes in the Region of Electron Beam Injection from a High-Altitude Payload

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Potential observations of an electron-emitting rocket payload and other related plasma measurements

Peculiarities of the environment disturbance during the electron beam injection from the rocket

Plasma Processes in the Region of Electron Beam Injection from a High-Altitude Payload