Advanced technologies for satellite navigation and geodesy

Precision measurement tools are compulsory to reduce measurement errors or machining errors
in the processes of calibration and manufacturing. The laser interferometer is one of the most
important measurement tools invented in the 20th century. Today, it is commonly used in
ultraprecision machining and manufacturing, ultraprecision positioning control, and many
noncontact optical sensing technologies. So far, the state-of-the-art laser interferometers are the
ground-based gravitational-wave detectors, e.g. the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave
Observatory (LIGO). The LIGO has reached the measurement quantum limit, and some
quantum technologies with squeezed light are currently being tested in order to further
decompress the noise level. In this paper, we focus on the laser interferometry developed for
space-based gravitational-wave detection. The basic working principle and the current status of
the key technologies of intersatellite laser interferometry are introduced and discussed in detail.
The launch and operation of these large-scale, gravitational-wave detectors based on
space-based laser interferometry is proposed for the 2030s.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2631-7990/ab8864/pdf

Ultraprecision intersatellite laser interferometry

We present the development of a compact optical frequency reference with a stability in the 10-15 domain at longer integration times utilizing Doppler-free spectroscopy based on molecular iodine. With respect to its future application in space, a setup on elegant breadboard (EBB) level was realized and successfully implemented and tested. A frequency stability of 5 • 10-15 at an integration time of 200 s was verified in a beat measurement with a ULE cavity setup. For ensuring high thermal and mechanical stability, the EBB utilizes a baseplate made of ultra-low CTE glass ceramics. The optical components are fixed to the baseplate using an adhesive bonding technology. In a current activity, a setup on engineering model (EM) level will be realized with increased compactness and stability compared to the EBB setup utilizing a very compact multipass gas cell.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10564/105641N/A-high-performance-iodine-based-frequency-reference-for-space-applications/10.1117/12.2309085.pdf

A high-performance iodine-based frequency reference for space applications

We demonstrate a new approach to designing a compact RF standard based on the transfer of frequency stability of
hyperfine transitions in molecular iodine to the stability of a laser cavity length. We use frequency doubled Nd:YVO4
laser operating in Kerr lens mode-locked regime and frequency lock it to hyperfine transitions in molecular iodine with
further detecting the beat note signal between longitudinal modes on a fast photodiode. A similar system is used for
estimating the standard Allan deviation of RF signal which is 2.1 x 10-14 at the time 100 s.

A new RF frequency standard design based on a beat note between longitudinal modes of a frequency locked CW-laser

A variety of future space missions rely on the availability of high-performance optical frequency references with applications in fundamental physics, geoscience, Earth observation and global satellite navigation systems (GNSS). Examples are the gravitational wave detector LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), the Earth gravity mission NGGM (Next Generation Gravity Mission) and missions, dedicated to tests of Special Relativity, e.g. by performing a Kennedy-Thorndike experiment testing the boost dependence of the speed of light. In this context, we developed optical frequency references based on Doppler-free spectroscopy of molecular iodine where compactness and mechanical and thermal stability are main design criteria. We demonstrated a frequency instability of 6•10-15 at 1 s integration time and 3•10-15 for integration times between 100 s and 1.000 s. Furthermore, a very compact spectroscopy setup was realized for the sounding rocket mission JOKARUS which was successfully flown in May 2018. In a current activity, an integrated high-performance iodine-based frequency reference is developed which serves as a demonstrator for future GNSS using optical technologies.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/11180/111807X/An-absolute-optical-frequency-reference-for-space/10.1117/12.2536204.pdf

An absolute optical frequency reference for space

Nowadays, wide range of space missions including space interferometry laser, fundamental physic tests, ranging measurement, distance changes between space aircraft and optical communication with each other or with ground reference, etc … require powerful lasers in a compact set-up configuration with highly intrinsic frequency stability. The couple “frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser and iodine molecular transition” in the green range of the optical domain, is one of the most promising candidate with superior frequency stability for various applications. LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), DECIGO (DECI-Hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory), STAR (Space Time Asymmetry Research), Post-GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) are few examples of space missions based on ultra stable laser use. We report on our ongoing development of Nd:YAG stabilized laser using an original and reliable experimental configuration with expected frequency stability in the 10-15 range over thousands of seconds of integration time.

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10565/1056568/Nd-YAG-laser-frequency-stabilized-for-space-applications/10.1117/12.2552609.pdf

Nd: YAG LASER FREQUENCY STABILIZED FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS

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Nd: YAG LASER FREQUENCY STABILIZED FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS