This article is a literature review of use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes to model the in-cylinder fluid flow, turbulence and spray characteristics. This study is based on the reports of about 60 scientists, who published their results between 1978 and 2008. Most of the scientists and researchers used CFD codes to analyze the models under simulation conditions and compared these simulated results with experimental results. Some scientists reported that different engines exhibit different behaviors with similar fuel sprays and Re-Normalized Group (RNG) k-ɛ model is the best applicable turbulence model for engine simulation. The KIVA code is widely used for model development in academia due to the availability of the source. However, its capability for resolving complex geometries is limited. On the other hand, other commercial CFD codes such as STAR-CD, FIRE, VECTIS and FLUENT are frequently used by the industry due to their superior mesh generation interfaces and because of their available user support. Some scientists combined STAR-CD and KIVA code for the engine simulations but they concluded that, it would be preferable to implement the advanced submodels directly into one commercial code for engine simulations.

In-cylinder fluid flow, turbulence and spray models—A review

The effect of intake valve alignment on swirl generation in a DI diesel engine

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of injection strategy and intake valve lift on super-knock and engine performance in a boosted GDI engine

SUMMARY This paper presents a combined experimental and computational study of the steady flow through an internal combustion engine inlet port. The port was of generic design with a straight centreline. The three-dimensional velocity and turbulence fields in the port and cylinder were simulated using a computational fluid dynamics programme. Laser sheet flow visualization and laser Doppler anemometry were also employed to investigate the flows and assess the predictions. The results show that a large-scale flow structure is created in the cylinder by the inlet jet and its interaction with the valve and cylinder walls. Both predictions and measurements show that the flow is strongly dependent on the valve lift but is not affected by the flow rate. Comparisons of the numerical predictions with the experimental data indicated that the mean flow features are accurately predicted in many parts of the flow field; some discrepancies are evident and stem primarily from the failure of the simulation to predict a small recirculation region in the port which affects the trajectory of the annular jet entering the cylinder. Calculations were also made without modelling the port shape by using simplified inlet conditions upstream of the valve seat. It was found that this approximation can provide a reasonable, albeit less accurate, description of the flow, but modelling of the port shape is necessary for accurate flow predictions.

Velocity characteristics of steady flow through a straight generic inlet port

In this study, the characteristics of flow emerging from the inlet of the intake port in the cylinder were investigated experimentally. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure the velocity distribution in order to observe and analyse the flow behaviour. High-image-density PIV provided acquisition of patterns of instantaneous and averaged vorticity and velocity, revealing the detail of the flow characteristics in the cylinder cavity. With this measuring technique, it is possible to study the effect of intake valve geometry on the flow behaviours.The results showed that the flow structure changed substantially along the cylinder stroke due to the geometry of the intake valve port.

Effect of inlet port on the flow in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine

An Investigation of Steady Flow Through a Curved Inlet Port

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An Investigation of Steady Flow Through a Curved Inlet Port