Curcumin, primary component of the spice turmeric extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, represents the major anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance found in turmeric, acting thought various mechanisms not completely understood. Curcumin modulates cytokines, growth factors, transcription factors, inflammatory molecules and cell signaling pathways. During restorative dentistry practice, free resin monomers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) propagate through dentin micro-channel and pulp into the bloodstream affecting cellular integrity. The study highlights the significance of application of curcumin bioactive component into liposomal formulations (CurLIP) to restore the homeostasis of dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in response to 3 and 5 mmol L-1 HEMA treatment. Cell proliferation in combination with changes of the morphological features, proinflammatory cytokines secretion as Interleukin (IL) 6, IL8, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP1) and Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were assayed along with the nuclear factor (NF)-kB, an inducible transcription factor involved in the activation of several cell processes associated to extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and posphorylated (p-) ERK pathway. Our results showed a decreased cell proliferation, morphological changes and upregulation of IL6, IL8, MCP1 and IFNγ in presence of 3 and 5 mmol L-1 HEMA treatment. CurLIP therapy in hDPSCs provokes an increase in cell proliferation and the block of inflammatory cytokines secretion through the inhibitory regulation of NFkB/ERK and pERK signaling cascade. The natural nanocarrier CurLIP influences numerous biochemical and molecular cascades causing anti-inflammatory properties in response to HEMA treatment in human dental pulp stem cells, representing an innovative endodontic formulation able to improve the quality of dental care with a major human community impact.

/pdf/curcumin-liposome-nanotechnology-as-delivery-platform-for-2atyow071n.pdf

Curcumin/Liposome Nanotechnology as Delivery Platform for Anti-inflammatory Activities via NFkB/ERK/pERK Pathway in Human Dental Pulp Treated With 2-HydroxyEthyl MethAcrylate (HEMA).

The recent isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in dental tissues constitutes a major step forward in the development of new treatment strategies MSCs are essential for dental pulp repair and the success of regenerative endodontic procedures It is important to understand that immune cells and cytokines can affect stem cell function, which can impact their healing potential On the other hand, stem cells are immunoprivileged and have the ability to modulate immune and inflammatory responses, which can be utilized to improve treatments outcome This review addresses both aspects of this interaction and suggests that any change on both sides can tip the balance in favour of either persistence of inflammation or healing Finally, the therapeutic relevance of the interaction between MSCs and immune system relative to current treatments is discussed, and future research and treatment perspectives are suggested

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02028.x

Interactions between immune system and mesenchymal stem cells in dental pulp and periapical tissues

Aim

To assay the toxicity of the single-methacrylate-based sealer urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) (EndoRez) in terms of cell growth and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, in expanded ex vivo human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and human osteoblasts (hOSTs).



Methodology

Dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells, osteoblasts and fibroblasts were derived from five young donors. After in vitro isolation, hDPSCs, hPDLSCs, hGFs and hOSTs were seeded to resin-based sealers for 24, 48, 72 h up to 1 week. The morphological features and the cell growth and the release of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)6, IL8, IL12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α were analysed. Differences in cell growth and in interleukin secretion were analysed for statistical significance with two-way anova tests for multiple comparisons.



Results

Exposure to endodontic sealer based on UDMA resulted in a 50% decrease in survival oral cells at 24 h of incubation. No evident morphological changes were present in cell cultures examined. After 48 h, 72 h and 1-week culture time, a progressive cell growth was evident. A significant up-regulation of IL6, IL8, IL12 and TNFα cytokines in cells in contact with the dental sealer compared to the control was observed.



Conclusion

In vitro, EndoRez interacted with primary human hDPSCs, hPDLSCs, hGFs and hOSTs causing damage to biological system evidenced through cell growth inhibition and up-regulation of IL6, IL8, IL12 and TNFα proinflammatory mediators.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine release and cell growth inhibition in primary human oral cells after exposure to endodontic sealer

The purpose of this laboratory study was to compare the two-body wear resistance of different restorative materials commonly used for the indirect restoration of posterior teeth. The tested materials, based on ceramic (Imagine Press X, IPS e.max CAD, Milled Celtra Duo, Glaze-Fired Celtra Duo, Vita Mark II) and composite (Enamel Plus HRi, Enamel Plus HRi Bio-Function, Filtek Supreme XTE, Lava Ultimate), were compared with the wear properties of a type III gold alloy (Aurocast 8). Flat samples were prepared with a 6-mm thickness (n=10). Composite samples were tested after a heat polymerization cycle. All samples were exposed to a two-body wear test in a dual axis chewing simulator performing over 120,000 loading cycles. The opposing abrader cusps were fabricated from yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal. The vertical substance loss (mm) and the volume loss (mm3) were recorded, as was the wear of the antagonist cusp (mm). Mean values were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Significant differences among materials were detected. The heat-cured resin-based composite material Enamel Plus Bio-Function and the type III gold alloy demonstrated similar mean values for wear depth and volumetric loss.

Wear Properties of Different Additive Restorative Materials Used for Onlay/Overlay Posterior Restorations

This study evaluated whether a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Vitremer (VM), would be biocompatible with pulp tissue when used as a liner in very deep cavities prepared in young human permanent teeth. Two dental cements in current use as liner materials, Vitrebond (VB) and Dycal (DY), were compared to VM. Class V cavities were prepared in 36 sound premolars that were scheduled for extraction, and the cavity floor was lined with the restorative cement (VM) or a liner/base control cement (VB or DY). For VM specimens, the cavity floor was pretreated with a primer (polyacrylic acid plus 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Teeth were extracted after 7 or 30 days and processed for microscopic evaluation. In the VM group, inward diffusion of dental material components through dentinal tubules, associated with disruption of the odontoblastic layer, moderate to intense inflammatory response, and resorption of inner dentin, was observed in 2 teeth at 7 days. These histologic features were observed in 1 tooth at 30 days. In the VB group, mild inflammatory reactions and tissue disorganization observed at 7 days were resolved at 30 days. No pulpal damage occurred in the DY specimens. Of the materials tested, only Vitremer was not considered biocompatible, because it caused persistent pulpal damage when applied in very deep cavities (remaining dentin thickness less than 0.3 mm).

Biocompatibility of a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement applied in very deep cavities prepared in human teeth.

Trubiani O, Cataldi A, De Angelis F, D’Arcangelo C, Caputi S. Overexpression of interleukin-6 and -8, cell growth inhibition and morphological changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-treated human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 19–25, 2012.



Abstract

Aim  To evaluate morphological features, cell growth and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in expanded ex vivo human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSCs) after exposure to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).



Methodology  Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells were derived from the dental pulps of 10 young donors. After in vitro isolation, DP-MSCs were treated with 3 and 5 mmol L−1 HEMA, and after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, their morphological features, cell growth, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were analysed. Differences in the cell growth and in the interleukin secretion were analysed for statistical significance with two-way anova tests and the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparisons.



Results  Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells revealed a decrease in cell growth with both treatments (P < 0.05), more evident at 5mmol L−1. Microscopic analysis displayed extensive cytotoxic effects in treated cells, which lost their fibroblastoid features and became retracted, even roundish, with a large number of granules. An up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in treated cells cytokines was evident (P < 0.05).



Conclusions  2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate exhibited cytotoxicity, inhibited cell growth and induced morphological changes in cultured DP-MSCs. Moreover, in treated samples, an up-regulation of soluble mediators of inflammation such as IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines was found. The direct application of HEMA potentially induces an inflammation process that could be the starting point for toxic response and cell damage in DP-MSCs.

Overexpression of interleukin-6 and -8, cell growth inhibition and morphological changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-treated human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells.

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Overexpression of interleukin-6 and -8, cell growth inhibition and morphological changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-treated human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells.