Invited Review: Pathology, Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows *

In this study concentration and composition of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in follicular fluid (FF) of high-yielding dairy cows were determined during the period of negative energy balance (NEB) early post partum. NEFA were then added during in vitro maturation at concentrations measured previously in FF to evaluate their effect on the oocyte's developmental competence. At 16 and 44 days post partum, FF of the dominant follicle and blood were collected from nine high-yielding dairy cows. Samples were analysed for NEFA concentration and composition. NEFA concentrations in FF (0.2-0.6 mmol/l) during NEB remained +/- 40% lower compared with serum (0.4-1.2 mmol/l). The NEFA composition differed significantly between serum and FF with oleic acid (OA), palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) being the predominant fatty acids in FF. Based on these results, 5115 oocytes were matured for 24 h in serum-free media with or without (negative control) the addition of 0.200 mmol/l OA, 0.133 mmol/l PA or 0.067 mmol/l SA dissolved in ethanol or ethanol alone (positive control). Matured oocytes were fertilized and cultured for 7 days in SOF medium. Addition of PA or SA during oocyte maturation had negative effects on maturation, fertilization and cleavage rate and blastocyst yield. More (late) apoptotic cumulus cells were observed in cumulus-oocyte complexes matured in the presence of SA or PA. Ethanol or OA had no effect. These in vitro results suggest that NEB may hamper fertility of high-yielding dairy cows through increased NEFA concentrations in FF affecting oocyte quality.

/pdf/non-esterified-fatty-acids-in-follicular-fluid-of-dairy-cows-45g953u3bt.pdf

Non-esterified fatty acids in follicular fluid of dairy cows and their effect on developmental capacity of bovine oocytes in vitro.

Metabolic changes in follicular fluid of the dominant follicle in high-yielding dairy cows early post partum

Effect of non-esterified fatty acids on bovine granulosa cell steroidogenesis and proliferation in vitro.

Prolonged anovulation following parturition has a negative impact on fertility in dairy cows. Insulin plays an important role in ovarian function in many species, and is profoundly depressed in dairy cows during early lactation. We hypothesized that hypoinsulinemia during early lactation represents a key indicator of nutritional status, resulting in delayed ovulation. Holstein cows (n = 10) were subjected to either a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (INS) or saline infusion (CTL) for 96 h, beginning on day 10 after parturition during the first postpartum follicular wave. Insulin was infused continuously (0.3 microg/kg body weight per h) via a jugular catheter, and euglycemia was maintained by infusion of glucose. Circulating insulin concentrations were elevated 2.6-fold in INS cows compared with CTL cows (0.73 +/- 0.026 vs 0.28 +/- 0.026 ng/ml; P 0.05) luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency, pulse amplitude or mean circulating LH. Circulating estradiol was elevated in INS cows (P < 0.01) and circulating testosterone also tended to be higher. The ratio of testosterone to estradiol was not different between treatments for the initial 30 h of infusion, but was significantly reduced thereafter in response to insulin (P < 0.01), suggesting that hyperinsulinemia increased follicular aromatase activity. Insulin treatment also resulted in reduced circulating nonesterified fatty acids, and increased circulating total and free insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations. Insulin infusion increased estradiol secretion by the dominant follicle of the first postpartum follicular wave in dairy cows, and this effect appears not to be mediated through changes in pulsatile LH release.

/pdf/insulin-increases-17b-estradiol-production-by-the-dominant-2um01r8qq6.pdf

Insulin increases 17β-estradiol production by the dominant follicle of the first postpartum follicle wave in dairy cows

The effect of an acute energy deficit on the hormone profile of dominant follicles in dairy cows.

Short communication: hair cortisol concentrations in Holstein-Friesian and crossbreed F1 heifers.

Neonatal period and hair cortisol in cattle as a marker of stress.

Contents
The aim of this research has been to evaluate the presence of anomalies in the ovarian cycle activity during postpartum and to verify whether 72-hr dietary fasting during the dominance phase, the phase before ovulation, might modify the ovarian follicle population. The presence of anomalies in ovarian cycle activity has been evaluated in 30 Italian Friesian cows starting from 20 days postpartum until 211 days of lactation. Long oestrus and brief dioestrus or scarce luteal activity have been the main anomalies found through measuring progesterone concentrations in the whey. Until 100 days of lactation, the BCS values of the problematic animals have been significantly lower than those in animals with normal ovarian activity. After 100 days of lactation, the ovarian anomalies continued to appear despite the fact that all the animals have reached comparable BCS values. Starting from the results of this trial, the effect of 72-hr dietary fasting on dominant follicles has been studied in six cows. Ultrasonography revealed that the diameter of the follicles at 71 days postpartum has been significantly lower than at 181 days. A 72-hr dietary restriction at 101 and 211 days postpartum did not affect the size of the dominant follicle. However, at 101 days postpartum, half of the animals presented follicular cysts. The effect of fasting differed if the animal has been in early postpartum or 211 days of lactation. Further researches are necessary to understand how different metabolic conditions can modify the follicular population but on the other hand the study shows the utility for farmers and field veterinarians of monitoring the resumption of the ovarian cycle postpartum through the whey progesterone concentrations.

Luteal activity and effect of dietary energy restriction on follicular development in lactating cows.

Hair Cortisol Levels to Monitor Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Healthy Dairy Cows.

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