Metropolitan areas in Andean industrialized valleys with a strong geomorphological structure and a pronounced climate experience an increasing degradation of air quality, which motivates environmental policies that include the expansion of tree coverage in urban areas among the mitigation measures. Using the metropolitan area of the Aburra Valley, Colombia, as a study case, we evaluate the removal of PM2.5 by urban trees with the Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) methodology, considering the potential effect of changing tree covers in the valley for several projected meteorological conditions under climate change and different urban management practices. The estimated removals are sensitive to the number and distribution of available ground stations, with a tendency to overestimate with fewer stations. We found that the marginal gains in removal by additional tree plantings are low in the urbanized settings. In the environmental scenarios, the main limiting factor in the removal is precipitation, compared to changes in tree cover and levels of pollution. Spatially, the increase in total removal depends on the increase in tree cover, with more benefits obtained when trees are in areas with high concentrations of PM2.5. Trees with low values of leaf area index (LAI) seem to optimize the effectiveness of the removal. Seasonally, the greatest removal occurs in rainy months when pollution levels are the highest. Based on our results, the scenarios that meet the plans and programs aimed at improving air quality would achieve removal effectiveness of around 2.5% of the total emissions of PM2.5 with urban trees. Air quality would achieve removal effectiveness of around 2.5% of the total emissions of PM2.5 with urban trees.

The removal of PM2.5 by trees in tropical Andean metropolitan areas: an assessment of environmental change scenarios

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterizacion quimica de las particulas PM 10 para las temporadas de invierno y verano en la zona urbana y rural de Mexicali Las muestras fueron tomadas con equipos de bajo volumen cada dos dias con dos tipos de filtro, de cuarzo y de teflon Los filtros fueron analizados por gravimetria, 38 metales (Na a Pb) por analisis de dispersion de rayos x, aniones (Cl - , NO 3- , SO 42- ) y cationes (Na + , K , NH 4+ ) por cromatografia de iones, y carbon organico y elemental por transmitancia termica-optima Se excedio la norma mexicana, que es de 120 µg m- 3 promedio en 24 horas, por 27 veces en la temporada de invierno y por 15 veces en la temporada de verano Las especies dominantes durante la temporada de verano fue el material geologico y en la temporada de invierno fue el carbon organico Se concluye que la zona urbana es la mas contaminada en la temporada de verano, mientras en invierno es la zona rural Palabras clave: material geologico, material organico, PM

/pdf/las-particulas-respirables-pm10-y-su-composicion-quimica-en-1zg3v73cut.pdf

Las Partículas Respirables PM10 y su Composición Química en la Zona Urbana y Rural de Mexicali, Baja California en México

The atmospheric dust impacts of vegetative development; however, the functionality of species in its retention affects the functionality of the ecosystem. Considering dynamics of land use between the municipalities of Soledad de Graciano Sanchez and San Luis Potosi, were taken samples of leaf material of mesquite (Prosopis leavigata), huizache (Acacia farnesiana) and pepper tree (Schinus molle) to assess their ability in atmospheric dust retention. Eighteen points were established in an ecological corridor whereas soil uses: agriculture, trade and services, residential urban and mining. The sampling took place during 2009 and 2010 (summer, fall, winter and spring). Designed for a general linear model, whereas a α≤0. 05 for the possible effect of the site, species and season, as well as their possible interactions in the retention of particulate matter sediments. The effects of the species (p=0.000) and season (p=0.000) were significant. The species with larger retention was the huizache with an average of 0. 16±0. 01 (g kg -1 dry weight). Season with greater effect, turned out to be the 2010 Winter with an average of 0.18±0. 02 (g kg -1 dry weight). Whereas the land use trading and services proved with the highest density of this species, their projected benefit was 807.82 g atmospheric dust retained whereas 169 individuals 370 m 2 of leaf surface. The results provide information to consider as indicative of potential vegetative structures in the environmental planning and strategies for mitigation of pollution.

/pdf/potencial-de-retencion-de-polvo-atmosferico-en-tres-especies-567swag6m8.pdf

Potencial de retención de polvo atmosférico en tres especies vegetativas del ecosistema semiárido, San Luis Potosí, México

Foliage of urban vegetation can be used as a bioindicator of air pollution, including heavy metals. We measured surface and intracellular concentration of copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium, cobalt and cadmium in Fraxinus uhdei leaves from three urban forests of the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (ZMVM) during the four seasons of the year and assessed its correlation with distance to nearest roads; we also compared obtained concentrations with the local atmospheric monitoring network. We performed a two-factor experimental design: factor forest with three levels (Naucalli Park, Forests and Tlalpan) and factor season with four levels, to analyze spatio-temporal differences in heavy metal concentration. Fifteen Fraxinus uhdei trees were selected per site and a foliage sample was taken. A t-test was applied for comparisons between deposits, while an analysis of variance and Tukey's test was used to compare between seasons and forest. Relationship between surface concentrations and distance to the streets surrounding the forests was obtained using the Stepwise method. The obtained results indicate that there are higher concentrations superficially than intracellular in all metals analyzed, except for nickel. Copper was highest in Parque Naucalli, lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium in Bosques Chapultepec and zinc in Bosques Tlalpan. Highest concentrations occurred in summer for copper, zinc, nickel and chromium and in winter for lead and cadmium. We found that the surface concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in the foliage is higher when trees are closer to avenues. Our research indicates that trees can be valuable bioindicators for air pollution, as they not only mirror the diverse pollution sources but also provide insights into pollutant exposure based on proximity to those sources. 

Surface deposits and intracellular concentration of atmospheric particles in foliage of urban forests in the Valley of Mexico

In order to determine the tree
species with greater holding
capacity of particulate matter
sediments, 225 trees of five species
were evaluated, all located in the
city of Chihuahua. Sampling was
conducted in the autumn, spring
and summer seasons at five sites
in accordance with the land uses:
commercial and services, mixed
industry, heavy industry,
residential high-middle class and
low residential class. Adjusting a
model Proc GLM of SAS program,
were interaction tested between
species, site and season regarding
the amount of particulate matter
retained in the leaves, determining
through the square means that
significant interactions were
presented among the factors
species-season (P<0,0008) and
species-site (P<0,0333). Species
with higher concentration of dust
were cypress (Cupressus
arizonica) and sycamore (Platanus
occidentalis). These results provide
elements for an urban
environmental policy.

/pdf/retencion-de-polvo-atmosferico-en-especies-arboreas-5elt0exo2m.pdf

Retención de polvo atmosférico en especies arbóreas indicadoras de la planeación urbana sustentable: ciudad de Chihuahua, México

In order to determine the tree 
species with greater holding 
capacity of particulate matter 
sediments, 225 trees of five species 
were evaluated, all located in the 
city of Chihuahua. Sampling was 
conducted in the autumn, spring 
and summer seasons at five sites 
in accordance with the land uses: 
commercial and services, mixed 
industry, heavy industry, 
residential high-middle class and 
low residential class. Adjusting a 
model Proc GLM of SAS program, 
were interaction tested between 
species, site and season regarding 
the amount of particulate matter 
retained in the leaves, determining 
through the square means that 
significant interactions were 
presented among the factors 
species-season (P<0,0008) and 
species-site (P<0,0333). Species 
with higher concentration of dust 
were cypress (Cupressus 
arizonica) and sycamore (Platanus 
occidentalis). These results provide 
elements for an urban 
environmental policy.

Retención de polvo atmosférico en especies arbóreas indicadoras de la planeación urbana sustentable: ciudad de chihuahua, méxico atmospheric dust retention in tree species as an indicator of the sustainable urban planning: city of chihuahua, mexico

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Retención de polvo atmosférico en especies arbóreas indicadoras de la planeación urbana sustentable: ciudad de Chihuahua, México

Retención de polvo atmosférico en especies arbóreas indicadoras de la planeación urbana sustentable: ciudad de chihuahua, méxico atmospheric dust retention in tree species as an indicator of the sustainable urban planning: city of chihuahua, mexico