We discuss the prospects and challenges for implementing a quantum computer using superconducting electronics. It appears that Josephson junction devices operating at milli-Kelvin temperatures can achieve a quantum dephasing time of milliseconds, allowing quantum coherent computations of 10/sup 10/ or more steps. This figure of merit is comparable to that of atomic systems currently being studied for quantum computation.

Prospects for quantum coherent computation using superconducting electronics

Response of niobium-based superconducting tunnel junctions in the soft-x-ray region 0.15-6.5 keV.

[*I Prof. C. A. Mirkin, F. Xu, J. Zhu Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 6020s-3113 (USA) [**I CAM acknowledges the NSF Science and Technology Center for Superconductivity and the AFOSR for support of this work. Professor J. T. McDevitt and Professor L. H. Greene are acknowledged for helpful discussions. modify the surfaces of the fourth important class of electronic materials, cuprate-based high temperature superconductors (HTSCs), have been notably absent from this field, even though methods to control and tailor the surface and interfacial properties of this class of materials are needed. Indeed, the surface composition of the cuprate HTSCs, especially the commercially most promising material, YBa2C~307-6, is quite complex and susceptible to change due to the reactivity of the material with environmental reagents."'] For example, YBa2C~307-d reacts with H20 to form Ba(OH)2, which subsequently reacts with C 0 2 to form a passivating layer of BaC03. Such reactivity not only presents problems to those interested in making reproducible fundamental measurements on HTSCs but also to those interested in commercializing them.[121 The development of chemical methods to cap and stabilize the surface with molecular reagents can have profound consequences with regard to controlling some of the undesirable HTSC chemical reactivity. In addition, it can open new avenues to the preparation and study of unusual and potentially useful hybrid molecular monolayerlHTSC heterostructures. Recently, in a collaborativ effect the McDevitt group and our group discovered the first chemistry to modify the surfaces of HTSCs with monolayers of molecular reagents[I3] (Scheme 1). This methodology, which involves the direct

Controlling the surface properties of high temperature superconductors

Electrotechnical Laboratory, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan~Received 19 April 1996; revised manuscript received 14 June 1996!The asymmetric response of the counter and base electrodes of x-ray detectors employing polycrystallineniobium tunnel junctions has been studied by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy ~LTSEM!.LTSEM has revealed that the base electrode produces a signal more than two times larger than the counterelectrode, and effective quasiparticle lifetimes are 100 ns in the counter and 280 ns in the base. Based on theI-V characteristics and the measured effective quasiparticle lifetimes, we propose a model structure for aspatial variation of the gap parameter D, which involves proximity quasiparticle trapping layers. The smallcounter signal is caused by the shorter quasiparticle lifetime and the trapping effect. The LTSEM results areconsistent with x-ray spectra for a radioactive

Asymmetric response of superconducting niobium-tunnel-junction x-ray detectors

Radiation detectors based on superconducting phenomena are becoming increasingly important for observational astronomy. Recent developments in this important field, together with relevant background, are described here. After a general introduction to superconductivity and the field of superconductor-based radiation sensors, the main detector types are examined with regard to their physical form, operating principles and principal advantages. All major forms of superconducting detectors used in contemporary research such as tunnelling detectors, mixers, hot-electron bolometers and transition edge sensitive devices are discussed with an emphasis on how more recent developments are overcoming the shortcomings of the previous device generations. Also, discussed are new ideas in superconducting detector technology that may find applications in the coming years.

Superconducting detectors in astronomy

The performance of photon detectors based on superconducting tunnel junctions are related to their current ‐ voltage (I‐V) curve characteristics and, ultimately, to the quality of the thin tunnel barriers (of order 1 nm) which separate the two superconducting thin films. Both the optimization of the spectroscopic performance of these detectors and the development of a reproducible and high yield fabrication route, require a better understanding of barrier quality and growth techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide valuable tools for the investigation of the barrier region and for the control of the quality of the different thin films and related interfaces. In this paper, the results of a TEM and AFM evaluation of Nb‐Al‐AlOx‐Nb tunnel junctions are reported, together with their interpretation on the basis of the I‐V curve performance at low temperature (T≥0.3 K). Thickness disuniformities of the Al plus AlOx overlayer and evidence of barrier defects have...

Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis of Nb‐Al‐AlOx‐Nb superconducting tunnel junction detectors

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Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis of Nb‐Al‐AlOx‐Nb superconducting tunnel junction detectors