Polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs) have shown great promise in enhancing the efficacy and safety of cancer therapy. These conjugates combine the advantageous properties of both polymers and drugs, leading to improved pharmacokinetics, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery to tumor tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in PDCs for cancer therapy. First, various types of polymers used in these conjugates are discussed, including synthetic polymers, such as poly(↋-caprolactone) (PCL), D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol (TPGS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), as well as natural polymers such as hyaluronic acid (HA). The choice of polymer is crucial to achieving desired properties, such as stability, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release. Subsequently, the strategies for conjugating drugs to polymers are explored, including covalent bonding, which enables a stable linkage between the polymer and the drug, ensuring controlled release and minimizing premature drug release. The use of polymers can extend the circulation time of the drug, facilitating enhanced accumulation within tumor tissues through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. This, in turn, results in improved drug efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. Moreover, the importance of tumor-targeting ligands in PDCs is highlighted. Various ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, aptamers, folic acid, herceptin, and HA, can be incorporated into conjugates to selectively deliver the drug to tumor cells, reducing off-target effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. In conclusion, PDCs have emerged as a versatile and effective approach to cancer therapy. Their ability to combine the advantages of polymers and drugs offers enhanced drug delivery, controlled release, and targeted treatment, thereby improving the overall efficacy and safety of cancer therapies. Further research and development in this field has great potential to advance personalized cancer treatment options. 

Innovative Design of Targeted Nanoparticles: Polymer–Drug Conjugates for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

Title : PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES, IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND INTERACTION WITH NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN LOW GRADE OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN Name : NAKKA SAILAJA (DPV 07010) Degree for which Submitted : Ph.D. (Veterinary Pathology) Chairman : Dr. C. BALACHANDRAN, Ph.D. Registrar Tamilnadu Veterinary and animal Sciences University, Mahdavaram Milk Colony Chennai600 051 Then Professor and Head Department of Veterinary Pathology Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007 University Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Year : 2010 The effects of low levels of Ochratoxin-OA (30, 60 and 90 ppb) in broiler chicks were studied by feeding OA from 0 to 5 weeks of age. A significant (P<0.05) reduction in the body weight gain was observed from second and fourth week onwards in the 90 and 30 ppb groups respectively and only in the 4 week in the 60 ppb OA fed birds when compared to the control group. Significant decrease (P<0.05) in the feed consumption was found in OA fed birds. Leucocytosis was found in the 90 ppb OA fed group. Hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypoglobulinaemia were observed in the OA fed birds. Significant (P<0.05) increases were noticed for the serum AST in the 30 ppb and ALP and GGT in the 90 ppb OA treated birds. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the BUN in the 90 ppb and hyperuricaemia in all doses of OA were found. Hypocalcaemia and hyponatraemia were observed in all OA treated groups. OA significantly (P<0.05) increased the serum triglycerides and VLDL levels in the 30 ppb group and serum cholesterol and LDL levels in the 60 ppb group. The liver lipid peroxidation increased significantly (P<0.05) in a dose dependent manner in the OA fed groups. The liver antioxidant levels, GSH, GPx, GST, SOD and CAT decreased significantly (P<0.05) except GST, where the level was increased in OA fed birds. OA caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in the HI titres against NDV at 21 day in the high dose group and significant (P<0.05) decrease was noticed in the splenocyte indices in all doses of OA compared to the control. Grossly, the liver and kidneys showed paleness and enlargement in the 90 ppb OA fed birds in the 5 week. Microscopically, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, focal mononuclear cell (MNC) infiltration, microgranuloma, biliary epithelial hyperplasia, portal fibrosis and periductular MNC infiltration in the liver and tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis, focal MNC infiltration and microgranuloma in the kidneys were observed in the OA fed birds. Crop mucosa showed hyperplasia and parakeratosis. Proventricular mucosa revealed MNC infiltration, fibrosis, hyperplasia and broadened villi. MNC infiltration, focal glandular necrosis, reduced secretion and dilatation of glands and defective kiolin layer formation in the gizzard mucosa, fusion of villi and mild MNC infiltration in the duodenal mucosa and focal MNC infiltration and microganuloma in the pancreas were observed in the OA fed birds. Bursa of Fabricius revealed mild to moderate lymphoid cell depletion, lack of corticomedullary differentiation and cystic follicles. Spleen showed mild lymphoid cells depletion, reticular cell hyperplasia and apoptosis. Lymphoid cell depletion and necrosis in the caecal tonsils and mild plasma cell depletion in the Harderian gland were noticed in the OA fed birds. Ultrastructurally, the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of kidney showed swelling, loss of brush border, variable sized mitochondria with vacuolation and loss of cristae and chromatin margination and disintegration in the nuclei and disruption of nucleoli in OA treated birds. NDV-ochratoxin (80 ppb) interaction resulted in significant (P<0.05) decrease in the HI titres against NDV at 21 days of age in the unvaccinated birds and 33.33 per cent mortality in all but vaccinated control group. Conclusions: Ochratoxin (30 ppb) affected the performance, health, biochemical parameters and immune status of birds. Vaccinated OA birds succumbed to NDV.

Pathomorphological Changes, Immunopathological Effects And Interaction With Newcastle Disease Virus In Low Grade Ochratoxicosis In Broiler Chicken

During surgery and after, pathogens can contaminate indwelling and implanted medical devices, resulting in serious infections. Microbial colonization, infection, and later biofilm formation are major complications associated with the use of implants and represent major risk factors in implant failure. Despite the fact that aseptic surgery and the use of antimicrobial medications can lower the risk of infection, systemic antibiotic use can result in a loss of efficacy, increased tissue toxicity, and the development of drug-resistant diseases. This work explores the advancements in antimicrobial coatings for head-related implantable medical devices, addressing the critical issue of infection prevention. It emphasizes the significance of these coatings in reducing biofilm formation and microbial colonization and highlights various techniques and materials used in creating effective antimicrobial surfaces. Moreover, this article presents a comprehensive overview of the current strategies and future directions in antimicrobial coating research, aiming to improve patient outcomes by preventing head-related implant-associated infections.

Advances in Antimicrobial Coatings for Preventing Infections of Head-Related Implantable Medical Devices

Microrobots are of significant interest due to their smart transport capabilities, especially for precisely targeted delivery in dynamic environments (blood, cell membranes, tumor interstitial matrixes, blood-brain barrier, mucosa, and other body fluids). To perform a more complex micromanipulation in biological applications, it is highly desirable for microrobots to be stimulated with multiple stimuli rather than a single stimulus. Herein, the biodegradable and biocompatible smart micromotors with a Janus architecture consisting of PrecirolATO 5 and polycaprolactone compartments inspired by the anisotropic geometry of tadpoles and sperms are newly designed. These bioinspired micromotors combine the advantageous properties of polypyrrole nanoparticles (NPs), a high near-infrared light-absorbing agent with high photothermal conversion efficiency, and magnetic NPs, which respond to the magnetic field and exhibit multistimulus-responsive behavior. By combining both fields, we achieved an "on/off" propulsion mechanism that can enable us to overcome complex tasks and limitations in liquid environments and overcome the limitations encountered by single actuation applications. Moreover, the magnetic particles offer other functions such as removing organic pollutants via the Fenton reaction. Janus-structured motors provide a broad perspective not only for biosensing, optical detection, and on-chip separation applications but also for environmental water treatment due to the catalytic activities of multistimulus-responsive micromotors.

Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Tadpole-like Polymer/Lipid Janus Microrobots for Advanced Smart Material Applications.

Review of the Applications of Micro/Nanorobots in Biomedicine

Polycaprolactone and its derivatives for drug delivery

Efficacy of Bio-Bantox against experimental ochratoxicosis in broilers

A commercial mycotoxin binder in ochratoxicosis in broilers

Mammary gland anomaly in marathwadi buffalo and its calf

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Polycaprolactone and its derivatives for drug delivery

Efficacy of Bio-Bantox against experimental ochratoxicosis in broilers

A commercial mycotoxin binder in ochratoxicosis in broilers

Mammary gland anomaly in marathwadi buffalo and its calf