Overcoming the global energy crisis due to vast economic expansion with the advent of human reliance on energy-consuming labor-saving devices necessitates the demand for next-generation technologies in the form of cleaner energy storage devices. The technology accelerates with the pace of developing energy storage devices to meet the requirements wherever an unanticipated burst of power is indeed needed in a very short time. Supercapacitors are predicted to be future power vehicles because they promise faster charging times and do not rely on rare elements such as lithium. At the same time, they are key nanoscale device elements for high-frequency noise filtering with the capability of storing and releasing energy by electrostatic interactions between the ions in the electrolyte and the charge accumulated at the active electrode during the charge/discharge process. There have been several developments to increase the functionality of electrodes or finding a new electrolyte for higher energy density, but this field is still open to witness the developments in reliable materials-based energy technologies. Nanoscale materials have emerged as promising candidates for the electrode choice, especially in 2D sheet and folded tubular network forms. Due to their unique hierarchical architecture, excellent electrical and mechanical properties, and high specific surface area, nanotubular networks have been widely investigated as efficient electrode materials in supercapacitors, while maintaining their inherent characteristics of high power and long cycling life. In this review, we briefly present the evolution, classification, functionality, and application of supercapacitors from the viewpoint of nanostructured materials to apprehend the mechanism and construction of advanced supercapacitors for next-generation storage devices.

/pdf/progress-in-supercapacitors-roles-of-two-dimensional-1845sgquka.pdf

Progress in supercapacitors: roles of two dimensional nanotubular materials

Supercapacitor is a potential energy storage device that has been used in various fields like automotive industries, energy harvesting and grid stabilization system due to its unique feature in terms of power density, life cycle, operating temperature range, charge/discharge period, and specific capacitance. Therefore, supercapacitors are used in grid systems to smooth the energy feeding and stabilize the grid system during peak demands. Supercapacitors can provide high power at a short period of time. Correspondingly, supercapacitors are postulated to be the potential replacement for batteries due to their excellent power density which reduces the charging period, longer cycle life than batteries, forgiving even it is overused and is environmentally friendly compared to batteries. However, supercapacitors lack in energy density compared to batteries; thus, it is often used as a short-term energy storage device. Supercapacitors are generally divided into three groups: a) electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), b) pseudocapacitor, and c) hybrid supercapacitor. These three groups differ in charge storage mechanism, which is closely related to the type and nature of the materials used to design the supercapacitor's electrode. Over and above all, the electrode material is a contributing factor to the supercapacitor's electrochemical performance. Aside from electrode material, electrolyte also influences the electrochemical performance. Hence, it is essential to choose the appropriate electrode and electrolyte according to the desired outcome. To be able to choose, the nature and properties of the materials should be studied. So, in this paper, all three types of supercapacitors are discussed, along with the factors that influence the electrochemical performance. Besides, different electrode materials and electrolytes are included together with an overview of the future scope of supercapacitors. • Rise of supercapacitor and how it differs from battery and capacitor were explored. • Types of supercapacitor construction and mechanism were included. • Importance of supercapacitor components for enhancement process was discussed. • Selection of an appropriate electrode and electrolyte is critical. • Types of electrode materials and electrolytes were reviewed. 

Every bite of Supercap: A brief review on construction and enhancement of supercapacitor

Carbon foam is a representative porous-structured carbon material. It has attracted increasing attention from academic communities and industry because of its unique 3D porous structure and excellent performance, such as low density with high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, tailorable thermal conductivities, high adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, ablation resistance, and large surface area. Tremendous achievements have been made in its synthesis and applications in the past few years. However, little effort has been devoted to providing a comprehensive review of recent progress. In the present review, the typical microstructure of carbon foam is firstly illustrated, which includes the open-cell structure and closed-cell structure. Secondly, advances in its synthesis approaches are summarized, according to the utilized precursors involving polymers, pitches, and biomass materials. Thirdly, the promising applications (e.g., thermal management, adsorption, energy storage, electromagnetic shielding, catalyst support, and sensors) are comprehensively reviewed. Among them, its applications for energy storage are systematically introduced, as this application has been extensively developed in recent years. In particular, the strategies for controlling its properties are mentioned. Finally, some critical issues and challenges that need to be tackled are discussed, like precise fabrication, scaling up production, etc. Besides this, the research prospects of carbon foam are proposed.

Carbon foams: 3D porous carbon materials holding immense potential

Laser diodes are efficient light sources. However, state-of-the-art laser diode-based lighting systems rely on light-converting inorganic phosphor materials, which strongly limit the efficiency and lifetime, as well as achievable light output due to energy losses, saturation, thermal degradation, and low irradiance levels. Here, we demonstrate a macroscopically expanded, three-dimensional diffuser composed of interconnected hollow hexagonal boron nitride microtubes with nanoscopic wall-thickness, acting as an artificial solid fog, capable of withstanding ~10 times the irradiance level of remote phosphors. In contrast to phosphors, no light conversion is required as the diffuser relies solely on strong broadband (full visible range) lossless multiple light scattering events, enabled by a highly porous (>99.99%) non-absorbing nanoarchitecture, resulting in efficiencies of ~98%. This can unleash the potential of lasers for high-brightness lighting applications, such as automotive headlights, projection technology or lighting for large spaces.

/pdf/conversionless-efficient-and-broadband-laser-light-diffusers-12mnzsm6ac.pdf

Conversionless efficient and broadband laser light diffusers for high brightness illumination applications

Carbon fiber (CF) sequentially undergoes thermal activation (TCF), electrochemical oxidation activation (EOTCF), electrochemical reduction activation (EROTCF) and a secondary thermal activation process to form a highly activated CF (TEROTCF) electrode material. EOTCF undergoes a thermal activation process to form TEOTCF. EROTCF, TEOTCF and TEROTCF show specific capacitance values of 1455, 1438 and 1426 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 and capacitance retention values of 0.97%, 35.62%, and 59.61% when the current density increases from 1 to 20 mA cm−2. EROTCF, TEOTCF and TEROTCF show similar capacitance values, but much superior to CF (709 mF cm−2). TEROTCF shows much higher rate capability than EROTCF and TEOTCF. Carbonyl, epoxy and hydroxyl groups are introduced on the TCF by electrochemical oxidation activation. Carbonyl groups existing at the edge of the basal plane contribute towards improving the specific capacitance of CF. Hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the basal plane of the carbon skeleton lead to the destruction of the conjugated system. The electrochemical reduction and secondary thermal activation cause the removal of the non-electroactive epoxy and hydroxyl groups for recovering the sp2 structure, accordingly enhancing the rate capability of CF. All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors using two TEROTCF electrodes achieve 26.0 μW h cm−2 at 125.0 μW cm−2 and good cycling performance. So, CF with thermal and electrochemical activation treatment shows highly enhanced capacitance for high-performance supercapacitor application.

Activation of carbon fiber for enhancing electrochemical performance

Tailored crystalline width and wall thickness of an annealed 3D carbon foam composites and their mechanical properties

Fundamentals of the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of a 3D carbon foam—Aerographite

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Tailored crystalline width and wall thickness of an annealed 3D carbon foam composites and their mechanical properties

Fundamentals of the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of a 3D carbon foam—Aerographite