DURING the past fifteen years, data on the frequency of the sickle cell gene have accumulated to such an extent that its world distribution can now be outlined in considerable detail. Frequencies of more than 20 percent of the sickle cell trait have been found in populations across a broad belt of tropical Africa from the Gambia to Mozambique. Similar high frequencies have been found in Greece, South Turkey, and India. At first it appeared that there were isolated "pockets" of high frequencies in India and Greece, but more recently the sickle cell gene has been found to be widely distributed in both countries (Choremis and Zannos 1956; Sukumaran, Sanghvi, and Vyas 1956). Moreover, between these countries where high frequencies are found, there are intermediate frequencies, in Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia, Yemen, Palestine, and Kuwait. Thus, the sickle cell gene is found in a large and rather continuous region of the Old World and in populations which have recently emigrated from this region, while it is almost completely absent from an even larger region of the Old World which stretches from Northern Europe to Australia.

https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1958.60.3.02a00110

Anthropological Implications of Sickle Cell Gene Distribution in West Africa1

Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria.

Tamarindus is a monotypic genus and belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Tamarindus indica L., commonly known as Tamarind tree is one of the most important multipurpose tropical fruit tree species in the Indian subcontinent. Tamarind fruit was at first thought to be produced by an Indian palm, as the name Tamarind comes from a Persian word "Tamar-I-hind," meaning date of India. Its name "Amlika" in Sanskrit indicates its ancient presence in the country. T.indica is used as traditional medicine in India, Africa, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria,and most of the tropical countries. It is used traditionally in abdominal pain, diarrhea and dysentery, helminthes infections, wound healing, malaria and fever, constipation, inflammation, cell cytotoxicity, gonorrhea, and eye diseases. It has numerous chemical values and is rich in phytochemicals, and hence the plant is reported to possess antidiabetic activity, antimicrobial activity, antivenomic activity, antioxidant activity, antimalarial activity, hepatoprotective activity, antiasthmatic activity, laxative activity, and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Every part of the plant from root to leaf tips is useful for human needs. Thus the aim of the present review is to describe its morphology, and explore the phytochemical constituents, commercial utilization of the parts of the plant, and medicinal and pharmacologic activities so that T. indica's potential as multipurpose tree species can be understood.

Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential.

Une etude ethnomedicinale realisee chez les Krobou, une ethnie du Departement d’Agboville (Cote-d’Ivoire), a montre que 27 traditherapeutes utilisent 18 especes de la flore ivoirienne, pour combattre differentes pathologies. Diverses parties de la plante (ecorces de racine et de tige, feuilles, fruits, graines et tubercules) sont utilisees pour la preparation des recettes medicamenteuses. Ces recettes, monospecifiques en general, necessitent divers modes de preparation (decoction, expression, infusion, maceration, petrissage, pilage, pulverisation, ramollissement, torrefaction et trituration). On note divers modes d’administration des medicaments : ablution, application locale, badigeonnage, bain de vapeur, boisson, instillations buccales, nasales, vaginales et purges. Les tests tri phytochimiques realises sur 3 extraits (etherique, methanolique et aqueux) ont revele que les differentes drogues renferment des sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoides, tanins catechiques, alcaloides et des saponosides, qui leur conferent les proprietes therapeutiques diverses. An ethnomedicinal study carried out at Krobou, an ethnic group in the Department of Agboville (Cote-d’Ivoire) showed that 27 traditional doctors use 18 ivorian plants species to cure people to different pathologies. Various parts of the plant (barks of root and stem, sheets, fruits, seeds and tubers) are used to prepare the medicamentous receipts. These receipts which are generally monospecific, require different preparation modes (decoction, expression, infusion, soaking, kneading, pounding, crushing, softening, rousting and trituration). We note several administration modes of those medicines : washing, application on the skin, painting, steam bath, drinking, oral, nasal, vaginal instillations and purges. The tri phytochemical tests of three extracts (etheric, methanolic and aqueous) revealed that the different drugs contain sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponosides which give these medicines several healing properties. Keywords: Agboville, chemical Components, Cote-d’Ivoire, Ethnomedicine, Krobou, Phytochemistry

http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/prelude/pdf/bibio-hg-53-guessan.pdf

Screening phytochimique de quelques plantes médicinales ivoiriennes utilisées en pays Krobou (Agboville, Côte-d'Ivoire)

Antimicrobial activity of Guinea-Bissau traditional remedies

/pdf/plantes-medicinales-et-toxiques-de-la-cote-d-ivoire-haute-3hy01su0zq.pdf

Plantes médicinales et toxiques de la Côte d'Ivoire - Haute-Volta : mission d'étude de la pharmacopée indigène en A.O.F.

https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_20-21/28480.pdf

Le Wilinwiga des Mossi ( Guiera senegalensis , Lam.), ses usages thérapeutiques indigènes et son application au traitement des diarrhées cholériformes

Hunting in Ivory Coast and Upper Volta; Rites, favorite plants and arrow poison.

tional, and medical services'. These changes include resettlement and compulsory growing of cotton. According to Dr. Abbott, whose clinical survey is appended to the report, 'the Azande are probably the best nourished tribesmen in the two southern Provinces'. Yet the average weights of adult men and women are only 56 Kg. and 50 Kg. (at heights of 167-5 cm. and 15 75 cm. respectively) and minor signs of malnutrition are by no means uncommon. Unfortunately the food consumption records were gathered from too many different groups (thus introducing too many uncontrolled variables) to give any reliable data on the effects of the resettlement. The author considers, however, that the first year is one of real hardship and that it is not until the second year that the people produce enough to maintain themselves reasonably well. The most interesting parts of the report are the descriptive chapters dealing with the character of the people and their physical activities, their methods of cultivation, and their attitudes to the current changes. The foods which compose their dietary are described in full detail together with the methods used in preparation and cooking. It is obvious that a great deal of time and effort have gone into the collection and analysis of this material. On the whole the dietaries appear somewhat better than is usual among peasant families in Africa, though lack of information on the true nutritive value of many of the items renders their evaluation less certain than the report suggests. Detailed consideration of the. data is made unnecessarily difficult by the banishment of all tables and charts to a special section at the end. No page-references are given in the text nor is any reference back made to the paragraphs in the report which provide the explanation of the tables. This may very well lead to the results being quoted out of context without due regard to the background material which, of necessity, qualifies the interpretation to be put on them.

Sorciers, féticheurs et guérisseurs de la Côte d'Ivoire-Haute-Volta : les hommes, les croyances, les pratiques pharmacopée et thérapeutique

/pdf/medecines-et-pharmacopees-traditionnelles-du-senegal-du-2e4gg085e2.pdf

Médecines et pharmacopées traditionnelles du Sénégal, du Congo et de Madagascar

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