The ultimate source of water for plants is precipitation; rain falling upon soil penetrates it at a rate depending upon the physical properties of that particular soil; snow and hail do the same after melting. If the rate of rainfall or the rate of production of water by melting exceeds the infiltration rate, then surface runoff occurs and the excess water drains into streams and eventually reaches the sea. That water which penetrates the soil replenishes the soil reservoir and when this is filled to capacity (see chapter 3) the surplus drains through into the aquifers. These are strata such as sand or chalk which can hold substantial quantities of recoverable water. Water held in the soil reservoir is drawn into plant roots and up their stems to be evaporated from the leaves back into the atmosphere, where it rejoins water evaporated from the sea, lakes and rivers and from the surface of wet soil. This so-called hydrological cycle (figure 1.2) depends for its continuance upon energy derived from the sun’s radiation and as will be shown in later chapters its rate is governed largely by meteorological factors.

The Water Balance

Book reviewTerrestrial nitrogen cycles: F.E. Clark and T. Rosswall (Editors), Ecological Bulletins 33, NFR (Swedish National Research Council), Stockholm, 1981, 714 pp., US $56.00, ISBN 91-546-0290-4

Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters

Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are increasingly used by ecologists to project species potential future distribution. However, the application of such models may be challenging, and some caveats have already been identified. While studies have generally shown that projections may be sensitive to the ENM applied or the emission scenario, to name just a few, the sensitivity of ENM-based scenarios to General Circulation Models (GCMs) has been often underappreciated. Here, using a multi-GCM and multi-emission scenario approach, we evaluated the variability in projected distributions under future climate conditions. We modeled the ecological realized niche (sensu Hutchinson) and predicted the baseline distribution of species with contrasting spatial patterns and representative of two major functional groups of European trees: the dwarf birch and the sweet chestnut. Their future distributions were then projected onto future climatic conditions derived from seven GCMs and four emissions scenarios using the new Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 report. Uncertainties arising from GCMs and those resulting from emissions scenarios were quantified and compared. Our study reveals that scenarios of future species distribution exhibit broad differences, depending not only on emissions scenarios but also on GCMs. We found that the between-GCM variability was greater than the between-RCP variability for the next decades and both types of variability reached a similar level at the end of this century. Our result highlights that a combined multi-GCM and multi-RCP approach is needed to better consider potential trajectories and uncertainties in future species distributions. In all cases, between-GCM variability increases with the level of warming, and if nothing is done to alleviate global warming, future species spatial distribution may become more and more difficult to anticipate. When future species spatial distributions are examined, we propose to use a large number of GCMs and RCPs to better anticipate potential trajectories and quantify uncertainties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.1411

Uncertainties in the projection of species distributions related to general circulation models.

Geostatistical modelling of air temperature in a mountainous region of Northern Spain

A stratified sampling on 22 plots has been carried out on chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) stands in Galicia (Spain). Central and marginal parameters ranges have been stablished for defining physiographic, climatic and soil habitat diagrams of chetnut stands. Most stands are located between 400 and 750 m elevation, with around 1,300 mm annual rainfall. According to FAO criteria, soil are classified as distric Cambisols and distric Luvisols. Several silvicultural parameters have also been calculated. After their correlation with the ecological ones, it is concluded that the best Galician chestnut forest sites are located on northern aspects, with low summer drought and around 13 C/N ratio in soils. Finally, a comparative analysis between chestnut habitat and habitat of three other tree species of the region shows that chesnut has less ecological aptitude than pedunculate oak, Maritime pine and Monterrey pine.

Autoecología de los castañares de Galicia (España)

We investigated N2O and CH4 fluxes from soils of Quercus ilex, Quercus pyrenaica and Pinus sylvestris stands located in the surrounding area of Madrid (Spain). The fluxes were measured for 18 months from both mature stands and post fire stands using the static chamber technique. Simultaneously with gas fluxes, soil temperature, soil water content, soil C and soil N were measured in the stands. Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from −11.43 to 8.34 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 in Q.ilex, −7.74 to 13.52 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 in Q. pyrenaica and −28.17 to 21.89 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 in P. sylvestris. Fluxes of CH4 ranged from −8.12 to 4.11 μg CH4–C m−2 h−1 in Q.ilex, −7.74 to 3.0 μg CH4–C m−2 h−1 in Q. pyrenaica and −24.46 to 6.07 μg CH4–C m−2 h−1 in P. sylvestris. Seasonal differences were detected; N2O fluxes being higher in wet months whereas N2O fluxes declined in dry months. Net consumption of N2O was related to low N availability, high soil C contents, high soil temperatures and low moisture content. Fire decreased N2O fluxes in spring. N2O emissions were closely correlated with previous day’s rainfall and soil moisture. Our ecosystems generally were a sink for methane in the dry season and a source of CH4 during wet months. The available water in the soil influenced the observed seasonal trend. The burned sites showed higher CH4 oxidation rates in Q. ilex, and lower rates in P. sylvestris. Overall, the data suggest that fire alters both N2O and CH4 fluxes. However, the magnitude of such variation depends on the site, soil characteristics and seasonal climatic conditions.

/pdf/n2o-and-ch4-fluxes-in-undisturbed-and-burned-holm-oak-scots-4ypohmj2ra.pdf

N2O and CH4 fluxes in undisturbed and burned holm oak, scots pine and pyrenean oak forests in central Spain

Se presenta en este trabajo la metodologia para la elaboracion y la cartografia de las areas potenciales fisiografico-climaticas para el haya (Fagus sylvatica) en Espana. A partir de los datos procedentes del muestreo de 235 sitios de hayedo y de 2.944 puntos procedentes del Inventario Forestal Nacional (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 1998), correspondientes a estaciones de haya, se han elaborado un conjunto de parametros ecologicos, de naturaleza fisiografica y climatica y se han establecido los valores que definen los habitats optimos y marginales, utilizando una metodologia parametrica, ya contrastada en estudios anteriores. Estos resultados han permitido la definicion de un indicador de potencialidad para el haya (IPot). Mediante la integracion de toda la informacion elaborada en un S.I.G. y utilizando un modelo digital del terreno, se han generado los modelos digitales de potencialidad, de naturaleza fisiografica y climatica, para el haya en Espana.

/pdf/definicion-y-cartografia-de-las-areas-potenciales-53s62bu3nn.pdf

Definición y cartografía de las áreas potenciales fisiográfico-climáticas de hayedo en España

En el presente trabajo se han establecido los valores de los habitats centrales y marginales de la fisiografia, edafologia y climatologia de las masas de Castanea sativa Miller en las comunidades autonomas de Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha y Madrid. Se ha podido comprobar al respecto que los castanares se suelen encontrar entre los 620 y los 1.100 m de altitud, presentan una amplia variacion en su regimen pluviometrico, no asi en el termometrico. Los suelos de los castanares estudiados son fundamentalmente Cambisoles, Luvisoles y Umbrisoles, generalmente fuertemente acidos, francos o franco-arenosos y con baja relacion C/N. Tambien se establecen los criterios para interpretar los rangos de las habitats marginales respecto de los centrales a fin de poder realizar una valoracion del riesgo de efectuar la implantacion de esta especie en un terreno del ambito estudiado. El mayor riesgo se encontraria en terrenos cuyos parametros de precipitaciones otonales fueran inferiores a 220 mm, tierra fina inferior a 16,7 %, limo menor de 20,4 %, capacidad de retencion de agua inferior a 38 mm, materia organcia superficial menor del 2,1 %, oscilacion termica mayor de 18,5 C y permeabilidad superior a 4,75. El parametro selvicola que mejor describe las caracteristicas dasonomicas del conjunto de los castanares castellanos en relacion con los parametros evaluadores del biotopo es el indice de Hart por numero de cepas, el cual puede ser estimado con bastante aproximacion en funcion de la pendiente del terreno, la precipitacion de invierno, la suma de superavit y la permeabilidad del suelo.

Autoecología de los castañares de Castilla (España)

Este trabajo se ha realizado aplicando metodologias similares a las empleadas en los estudios autoecologicos parametricos realizados con anterioridad para Fagus sylvatica en otras regiones espanolas. Se ha estratificado el territorio ocupado por hayedos en Castilla y Leon (Espana) y se ha realizado un muestreo en un total de 37 parcelas representativas. A partir de los resultados de dicho muestreo, se han elaborado una serie de parametros fisiograficos, climaticos, edaficos y selvicolas. El analisis de los parametros elaborados ha permitido establecer los valores parametricos que definen los habitats centrales y marginales para el haya en Castilla y Leon. Un conjunto de analisis estadisticos multivariables han permitido elaborar modelos predictivos para variables selvicolas en relacion con las variables ambientales mas significativas. El conjunto de resultados obtenidos constituye una base importante para establecer la aptitud ecologica del territorio estudiado, con vistas a la implantacion de masas forestales estables de Fagus sylvatica.

Autoecología paramétrica de los hayedos de Castilla y León

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