Successes and challenges in non-destructive testing of aircraft composite structures

/pdf/materials-characterization-by-synchrotron-x-ray-microprobes-2oc81uvmx4.pdf

Materials characterization by synchrotron x-ray microprobes and nanoprobes

Hard x rays from a synchrotron source are used in this implementation of computed laminography for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of flat, laterally extended objects. Due to outstanding properties of synchrotron light, high spatial resolution down to the micrometer scale can be attained, even for specimens having lateral dimensions of several decimeters. Operating either with a monochromatic or with a white synchrotron beam, the method can be optimized to attain high sensitivity or considerable inspection throughput in synchrotron user and small-batch industrial experiments. The article describes the details of experimental setups, alignment procedures, and the underlying reconstruction principles. Imaging of interconnections in flip-chip and wire-bonded devices illustrates the peculiarities of the method compared to its alternatives and demonstrates the wide application potential for the 3D inspection and quality assessment in microsystem technology.

/pdf/on-the-implementation-of-computed-laminography-using-4zvqk9xzf0.pdf

On the implementation of computed laminography using synchrotron radiation.

Results are presented studying the contribution of particle toughening to impact damage resistance in carbon fibre reinforced polymer materials. Micro-focus X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron radiation computed laminography were used to provide a novel, multiscale approach for assessing impact damage. Thin (1 mm thick) composite plates containing either untoughened or particle-toughened resin systems were subjected to low velocity impact. Damage was assessed three-dimensionally at voxel resolutions of 0.7 μm and 4.3 μm using SRCL and μCT respectively; the former being an innovative approach to the laterally extended geometry of CFRP plates. Observations and measurements taken from μCT scans captured the full extent of impact damage on both material systems revealing an interconnected network of intra- and inter-laminar cracks. These lower resolution images reveal that the particle-toughened system suppresses delaminations with little effect on intralaminar damage. The higher resolution images reveal that the particles contribute to toughening by crack deflection and bridging.

/pdf/three-dimensional-assessment-of-low-velocity-impact-damage-4puz4hyja1.pdf

Three-dimensional assessment of low velocity impact damage in particle toughened composite laminates using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron radiation laminography

In computed tomography (CT), projection images of the sample are acquired over an angular range between 180 to 360 degrees around a rotation axis. A special case of CT is that of limited-angle CT, where some of the rotation angles are inaccessible, leading to artefacts in the reconstrucion because of missing information. The case of flat samples is considered, where the projection angles that are close to the sample surface are either i) completely unavailable or ii) very noisy due to the limited transmission at these angles. Computed laminography (CL) is an imaging technique especially suited for flat samples. CL is a generalization of CT that uses a rotation axis tilted by less than 90 degrees with respect to the incident beam. Thus CL avoids using projections from angles closest to the sample surface. We make a quantitative comparison of the imaging artefacts between CL and limited-angle CT for the case of a parallel-beam geometry. Both experimental and simulated images are used to characterize the effect of the artefacts on the resolution and visible image features. The results indicate that CL has an advantage over CT in cases when the missing angular range is a significant portion of the total angular range. In the case when the quality of the projections is limited by noise, CT allows a better tradeoff between the noise level and the missing angular range.

Comparison of image quality in computed laminography and tomography.

Synchrotron-radiation imaging was applied to the non-destructive testing of detector devices during their development cycle. Transmission imaging known as computed laminography was used to examine the microstructure of the interconnections in order to investigate the perfection of technological steps necessary for hybrid detector production. A characterisation of the solder bump microstructure can reveal production flaws such as missing or misaligned bumps, voids in bumps or bridges and thus give valuable information about the bonding process.

Investigation of hybrid pixel detector arrays by synchrotron-radiation imaging

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Investigation of hybrid pixel detector arrays by synchrotron-radiation imaging