This paper presents a technology review of voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation-method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.

Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives

This work is devoted to review and analyze the most relevant characteristics of multilevel converters, to motivate possible solutions, and to show that we are in a decisive instant in which energy companies have to bet on these converters as a good solution compared with classic two-level converters. This article presents a brief overview of the actual applications of multilevel converters and provides an introduction of the modeling techniques and the most common modulation strategies. It also addresses the operational and technological issues.

/pdf/the-age-of-multilevel-converters-arrives-izieu77jn6.pdf

The age of multilevel converters arrives

This paper gives an overview of medium-voltage (MV) multilevel converters with a focus on achieving minimum harmonic distortion and high efficiency at low switching frequency operation. Increasing the power rating by minimizing switching frequency while still maintaining reasonable power quality is an important requirement and a persistent challenge for the industry. Existing solutions are discussed and analyzed based on their topologies, limitations, and control techniques. As a preferred option for future research and application, an inverter configuration based on three-level building blocks to generate five-level voltage waveforms is suggested. This paper shows that such an inverter may be operated at a very low switching frequency to achieve minimum on-state and dynamic device losses for highly efficient MV drive applications while maintaining low harmonic distortion.

Medium-Voltage Multilevel Converters—State of the Art, Challenges, and Requirements in Industrial Applications

Multilevel inverters have created a new wave of interest in industry and research. While the classical topologies have proved to be a viable alternative in a wide range of high-power medium-voltage applications, there has been an active interest in the evolution of newer topologies. Reduction in overall part count as compared to the classical topologies has been an important objective in the recently introduced topologies. In this paper, some of the recently proposed multilevel inverter topologies with reduced power switch count are reviewed and analyzed. The paper will serve as an introduction and an update to these topologies, both in terms of the qualitative and quantitative parameters. Also, it takes into account the challenges which arise when an attempt is made to reduce the device count. Based on a detailed comparison of these topologies as presented in this paper, appropriate multilevel solution can be arrived at for a given application.

Multilevel Inverter Topologies With Reduced Device Count: A Review

Multilevel converters are considered today as the state-of-the-art power-conversion systems for high-power and power-quality demanding applications. This paper presents a tutorial on this technology, covering the operating principle and the different power circuit topologies, modulation methods, technical issues and industry applications. Special attention is given to established technology already found in industry with more in-depth and self-contained information, while recent advances and state-of-the-art contributions are addressed with useful references. This paper serves as an introduction to the subject for the not-familiarized reader, as well as an update or reference for academics and practicing engineers working in the field of industrial and power electronics.

/pdf/multilevel-converters-an-enabling-technology-for-high-power-34kg4syof1.pdf

Multilevel Converters: An Enabling Technology for High-Power Applications

The three-level diode-clamped multilevel converter commonly called the neutral-point-clamped converter has become established to be a preferred topology for high-power motor drive applications operating at several kilovolts. Although solutions to the problem of maintaining a stable neutral-point voltage in the converter continue to be the topic of research, a simple solution based on a design-oriented dynamic model of the system is not widely known. This paper presents the design, analysis, and implementation of a simple neutral-point voltage regulator for a three-level diode-clamped multilevel inverter, which uses a multiple-carrier sine-triangle modulator in conjunction with a closed-loop controller for neutral-point regulation. Redundant state choices are controlled via a continuous offset voltage that regulates the dc injection into the midpoint of the dc bus. A small-signal transfer function is developed in closed form, for neutral-point regulation, with the voltage offset as the control variable. Besides maintaining dc-bus voltage balance, the use of the approach leads to a significant reduction in the voltage distortion at the neutral point, allowing a definitive reduction in the required dc bus capacitance. Analytical, computer simulation, and experimental results verifying the approach are presented in this paper.

/pdf/modeling-and-design-of-a-neutral-point-voltage-regulator-for-55mt1b6bj8.pdf

Modeling and design of a neutral-point voltage regulator for a three-level diode-clamped inverter using multiple-carrier modulation

Neutral-point-clamped converters are increasingly applied in industrial drive systems as they allow the use of lower voltage devices in higher voltage applications, provide reduced output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), and can develop low common mode voltage. Several distinct modulation strategies have been proposed in the past for eliminating the common mode voltage, providing low THD output voltage or reducing the neutral point current ripple. However, each of these strategies improves the performance of the converter on one metric while trading off performance in other metrics. Nearest three vector, radial state, and zero-common-mode types of space-vector modulation techniques are compared using metrics that clearly elucidate the performance tradeoffs. Analytical models, computer simulation results, and experimental verification are presented.

/pdf/comparative-evaluation-of-modulation-algorithms-for-neutral-3dfhioy3yw.pdf

Comparative evaluation of modulation algorithms for neutral point clamped converters

A new thyristor current-source rectifier that achieves unity power factor, low-current total harmonic distortion (THD), and DC-bus current and voltage control is presented. The rectifier is suitable for high-power applications such as induction heating and DC arc furnaces. It combines a traditional six-pulse thyristor bridge and a DC chopper that together solve power quality problems such as poor power factor and flicker generation. This topology achieves low input current THD and DC power control without additional power-factor-correction equipment, harmonic trap filters, use of multiple pulse rectifiers or high-K-factor transformers.

/pdf/a-unity-power-factor-three-phase-pwm-scr-rectifier-for-high-1ecwomwxlz.pdf

A unity-power-factor three-phase PWM SCR rectifier for high-power applications in the metal industry

Conventional SCR based current source inverters suffer from poor waveform quality due to six step switching. Pulse width modulated current source inverters typically require gate turn off devices with reverse voltage blocking capability which have limited their application. In this paper, a new pulse width modulated current source inverter topology using one gate turn off switch and six SCRs is presented. The converter uses active commutation to realize pulse width modulation in a conventional SCR based current source inverter. Modulation techniques for the proposed inverter, simulation and experimental results are described in the paper. This topology is suitable for high performance, high power applications.

/pdf/a-current-source-pwm-inverter-with-actively-commutated-scrs-4gfri1y09i.pdf

A current source PWM inverter with actively commutated SCRs

A new isolated high frequency high power DC-DC converter full bridge topology employing one resonant "soft" switching pole that is zero voltage switched and one phase-shifted hard switching pole with loss limited switching for primary switching is presented. The devices in the loss limited pole do not have resonant capacitors across them, but exhibit significantly lower losses than conventional hard switching as the energy dissipation is limited by the finite energy stored in the leakage inductance. This unique combination of zero voltage switching and loss limited switching reduces the switching loss in all primary devices to lower levels. Isolation is achieved by a coaxially wound high frequency transformer with ultra low leakage which increases throughput and efficiency. A novel nondissipative secondary rectifier clamp allows excellent control of reverse recovery energy. Converters that produce 128 kW at 25 kHz have been developed and are commercially available. As this topology exhibits complete control of all parasitic loss mechanisms, it can be easily scaled to higher power levels.

New high power DC-DC converter with loss limited switching and lossless secondary clamp

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