Most atmospheric scientists agree that climate changes are going to increase the mean temperature in Europe with increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as drought, floods, and storms Under such conditions, there is high probability that forests will be subject to increased frequency and intensity of stress due to climatic extremes Therefore, impacts of climate change on forest health should be carefully evaluated Given these assumptions, several fungal diseases on trees may become more devastating because of the following factors: (i) abiotic stresses, such as drought and flooding, are known to predispose trees to several pathogens; (ii) temperature and moisture affect pathogen sporulation and dispersal, and changes in climatic conditions are likely to favour certain pathogens; (iii) migration of pathogens triggered by climatic change may increase disease incidence or geographical range, when pathogens encounter new hosts and (or) new potential vectors; and (iv) new threats may appear either because of a change in tree species composition or because of invasive species If infection success is dependent on temperature, higher mean temperatures may lead to more attacks Pathogens that have been of importance in southern Europe may spread northward and also upward to mountains Pathogens with evolutionary potential for greater damage should be identified to estimate the magnitude of the threat and to prepare for the changing conditions A review of the above-mentioned cases is presented Some priorities to improve the ability to predict impacts of climate change on tree diseases are discussed

/pdf/forest-pathogens-with-higher-damage-potential-due-to-climate-53rmx31p7r.pdf

Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe

When organisms are moved from their natural range to new ecosystems, they are considered nonindigenous, invasive, or exotic species. Movement of exotic or native species may be international or from areas within Canada. Historically, Canada's forests have felt the effects of nonindigenous species introductions, as for example, Dutch elm disease, white pine blister rust, gypsy moth, and pine shoot beetle. With changes in global trade patterns, novel introductions will continue to occur. Although most of the research and regulatory efforts to control the movement of nonindigenous species has focused on insects, projects are underway to study fungal organisms and their association with insect vectors. International quarantine standards are being developed to minimize the risk associated with solid wood packing materials, a major entry pathway for nonindigenous organisms. Research needs include the development of enhanced detection capabilities, improved diagnostic tools, effective mitigation measures, as wel...

/pdf/nonindigenous-species-introductions-a-threat-to-canada-s-uguubbzq6p.pdf

Nonindigenous species introductions: a threat to Canada's forests and forest economy.

Bark beetles of the genus Scolytus Geoffroy are the main vectors of the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi s.l., which causes the Dutch elm disease. The large and small elm bark beetles - S. scolytus (F.) and S. multistriatus (Marsham), respectively - are the most common and important species spreading the pathogen worldwide. The success of the pathogen-insect interactions is mainly due to the characteristic reproductive behavior of the elm bark beetles, which, however, largely depends on the occurrence of infected trees. During feeding activity on elm twigs, callow adults carrying pathogen conidia on their bodies contaminate healthy trees and facilitate pathogen development and movement within the wood vessels. Infected trees become then suitable for insect breeding in the stem bark. This well-known mutualistic association has devastating consequences for elm survival. Although much is known about insect-pathogen interactions and transmission mechanisms, many topics still deserve additional attention, as, for example, beetle systematic based on new molecular tools and morphological characters; selection of European elm clones based on disease avoidance; consequences of global warming on life-history of the three organisms (fungus-insect-tree) involved in the pathosystem; new problems resulting from the rapid increase of international trade among continents, leading to the accidental introduction of new vector species or new pathogen species or races, or to the introduction of new highly susceptible elm species in gardens and public parks. A holistic approach to tackle the problem is highly recommended, taking into account how these organisms interact with each other and the environment, and how their interactions could be modified in order to face one of the most destructive diseases ever known in plant pathology.

/pdf/dutch-elm-disease-and-elm-bark-beetles-a-century-of-2d6422z1ln.pdf

Dutch elm disease and elm bark beetles: a century of association

The species assemblages and abundance of phoretic mites and nematodes associated with the elm bark beetles, Scolytus multistriatus and Scolytus pygmaeus, were studied in Austria. 2 A total of 3922 individual mites were recorded from 144 adults of S. multi- striatus and 178 adults of S. pygmaeus. The species spectrum was identical and the relative abundance of mites was very similar for both species of scolytids. Nine mite species, Pyemotes scolyti, Pseudotarsonemoides eccoptogasteri, Trichouropoda bipilis, Tarsonemus crassus, Proctolaelaps eccoptogasteris, Proctolaelaps scolyti, Chelacheles michalskii ,n r .E ueremaeussp. and Elattoma sp. were detected. Two of the nine species, nr. Eueremaeus sp. and Elattoma sp., are documented here as new associates of Scolytus spp. 3 Pyemotes scolyti was the most frequent mite species, and Ps. eccoptogasteri and T. bipilis were relatively common, whereas the other mites occurred occasion- ally or were rare. 4 The trophic roles of most of the mites associated with S. multistriatus and S. pygmaeus are poorly known, but they may include fungivores, parasitoids of bark beetle broods, predators of bark beetle broods and/or mites and/or nematodes. 5 Besides phoretic mites, two nematode associates were seen on the investigated insects. A species of Cryptaphelenchus occurred under the elytra of both scolytid species, whereas the adults of a Neoparasitylenchus sp. were present inside abdomens of S. multistriatus, but absent from S. pygmaeus.

/pdf/phoretic-mites-and-nematode-associates-of-scolytus-e7rm8u0fq1.pdf

Phoretic mites and nematode associates of Scolytus multistriatus and Scolytus pygmaeus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Austria

The small cypress bark beetle Phloeosinus aubei is considered an invasive pest in several central European countries, and we have determined its current distribution on common juniper trees (Juniperus communis) in the Czech Republic. The results indicated that P. aubei is widely distributed in the country but is more common in the east than in the west. The beetle was mainly detected on older, damaged trees and on stems with diameters > 3 cm. The apparently widespread and abundant populations of P. aubei could explain infestations of the beetle on Thuja spp. and Juniperus spp. in gardens (three confirmed cases during the last 10 years). We consider P. aubei to be a potential pest on older, naturally occurring J. communis in protected areas where its population density could increase on weakened and damaged trees. We suggest that P. aubei can be monitored via simple inspection of dying and dead J. communis trees in the field.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/1/12/pdf

Occurrence of the Invasive Bark Beetle Phloeosinus aubei on Common Juniper Trees in the Czech Republic

Observations on the relative effectiveness of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) and Scolytus pygmaeus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as vectors of the Dutch elm disease.

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Observations on the relative effectiveness of Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) and Scolytus pygmaeus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as vectors of the Dutch elm disease.