Allelopathic compounds are metabolites released from plants that might be beneficial or detrimental to the growth of receptor plants. These compounds are involved in the environmental complex of managed or natural ecosystems. Allelopathic compounds have been shown to play important roles in the determination of plant diversity, dominance, succession, and climax of natural vegetation and in the plant productivity of agroecosystems. The overuse of synthetic agrochemicals often causes environmental hazards, an imbalance of soil microorganisms, nutrient deficiency, and change of soil physicochemical properties, resulting in a decrease of crop productivity. The incorporation of allelopathic substances into agricultural management may reduce the use of synthetic herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides and lessen environmental deterioration. Scientists in many different habitats around the world have demonstrated the above examples previously. It is known that most volatile compounds, such as terpenoids, are re...

Roles of allelopathy in plant biodiversity and sustainable agriculture

History.- Historical Examples of Allelopathy and Ethnobotany from the Mediterranean Region.- Allelopathy: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities.- Allelopathy in Chinese Ancient and Modern Agriculture.- Allelochemicals and Allelopathic Mechanisms.- Allelochemicals in Plants.- Allelopathy: Full Circle from Phytotoxicity to Mechanisms of Resistance.- Allelopathic Mechanisms and Experimental Methodology.- Indirect Effects of Phenolics on Plant Performance by Altering Nitrogen Cycling: Another Mechanism of Plant-Plant Negative Interactions.- Genomic Approaches to Understanding Allelochemical Effects on Plants.- Allelopathy from a Mathematical Modeling Perspective.- Application of Allelopathy in Agriculture and Forestry.- Progress and Prospect of Rice Allelopathy Research.- Rice Allelopathy Research in China.- Recent Advances in Wheat Allelopathy.- Sorghum Allelopathy for Weed Management in Wheat.- Allelochemicals in Pre-cowing Soils of Continuous Soybean Cropping and Their Autointoxication.- Autotoxicity in Agriculture and Forestry.- Black Walnut Allelopathy: Implications for Intercropping.- Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhizal Fungi in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry.- Utilization of Stress Tolerant, Weed Suppressive Groundcovers for Low Maintenance Landscape Settings.- Allelopathy in Forested Ecosystems.

Allelopathy in sustainable agriculture and forestry

Special Lecture: The Origin, Diversity, and Biology of Shoot-Borne Roots P.W. Barlow. The Commercial Importance of Adventitious Rooting: Commercial Application of Adventitious Rooting to Forestry G.A. Ritchie. Infrastructure for Research: Model Systems for Studying Adventitious Root Formation S.G. Ernst. Setting the Stage for Rooting: Novel Experimental Systems for Determining Cellular Competence and Determination D. Mohnen. Induction of Rooting: Auxin Metabolism and Adventitious Root Initiation D. Blakesley. Root Development and Plant Growth: Modeling Root System Morphology in Rice S. Morita, J. Abe. Special Chapter: A Historical Evaluation of Adventitious Rooting Research to 1993 B.E. Haissig, T.D. Davis. Epilogue: Research on Adventitious Rooting W.P. Hackett, J.R. Murray. 12 additional articles. Index.

Biology of Adventitious Root Formation

Summary Allelopathy includes both positive and negative effects of one plant on the other through environment, though most of the studies seem to focus on its deleterious impacts. It plays a key role in both natural and managed ecosystems. In agroecosystems, several weeds, crops, agroforestry trees and fruit trees have been shown to exert allelopathic influence on the crops, thus, affecting their germination and growth adversely. Some of the agricultural and horticultural crops affect their own seedlings grown in succession which is commonly known as replant problem/syndrome. Available studies indicate that allelochemicals act via bringing certain changes in physiological functions like respiration, photosynthesis and ion uptake. These, in turn, result in visible changes in seed germination, further growth reduction and overall performance of the target plants. The studies on interplant interactions assume significance in agroforestry programmes for selecting the types of crops complementary to the select...

Allelopathy and Its Implications in Agroecosystems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses briefly the occurrence and structure of the lignins found in higher plants. The pathways leading to lignin can be divided into several minor sequences. The first of these, the so-called “shikimic acid pathway” (which should properly be designated as the “chorismic acid pathway” according to its central intermediate) leads to the formation of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway, which was originally identified in bacteria, characterizes both microorganisms and plants but does not operate in animals, with the consequence that such aromatic amino acids represent essential nutrient factors for these organisms. Among the above mentioned amino acids, phenylalanine is of outstanding importance as it is from this compound that the majority of phenolic natural products including lignin are derived. The three different types of reaction involved in the route (that is deamination of aromatic amino acids, hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus of cinnamic acids, and methylation of these phenolic hydroxyls yielding methoxy groups) are discussed in the chapter. After feeding wheat plants with radioactive ferulic acid, labelled coniferyl alcohol and traces of the corresponding aldehyde were isolated. The specific radioactivities of these products suggested that the acid had been reduced via the aldehyde to the alcohol as the immediate lignin precursor. The results from recent enzymatic studies that could clarify the mechanisms involved in this essential conversion are reported in the chapter. The final step in lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of thep coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohol units, whose biosynthesis has been reported in the chapter. Studies on the polymerization of these alcohols, in particular those in artificial systems yielding dehydrogenation polymers, suggested that this reaction represents an oxidative process.

The Biochemistry of Lignification

In laboratory tests the allelopathic potential ofErica vagans, Calluna vulgaris, andDaboecia cantabrica was determined. Aqueous extracts of flowers ofD. cantabrica and leaves ofC. vulgaris inhibit root and hypocotyl growth of red clover, the former causing 51% inhibition of germination. Intact aerial parts of the Ericaceae here studied drastically reduced the growth of red clover and 100% inhibition of germination was caused by flowers ofD. cantabrica. Inhibition of aqueous extracts remains after Chromatographic separation, and two well-defined inhibition zones may be observed. Hydrosoluble organic compounds (phenol-like compounds) could probably be responsible for the inhibitions detected.

Allelopathic potential ofErica vagans, calluna vulgaris, andDaboecia cantabrica.

Starch depletion and anatomical changes during the rooting of Castanea sativa Mill. cuttings

In laboratory tests aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Erica australis L. and E. arborea L. significantly inhibited root and hypocotyl growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) but did not affect germination. Inhibition remained after chromatographic separation of the extracts. Using intact fresh leaves, stems, and flowers of E. australis and E. arborea, we also observed an inhibitory effect on root and hypocotyl growth. Dead leaves and flowers significantly inhibited the growth of red clover grown in soil in the greenhouse.

The allelopathic potential of erica australis l. and e. arborea l.

Alcohol coniferilico fue identificado de los exudados producidos por callos deCastanea sativa Mill. cultivados in vitro, originados de cotiledon.

Coniferyl alcohol from callus ofCastanea sativa cultured in vitro

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Allelopathic potential ofErica vagans, calluna vulgaris, andDaboecia cantabrica.

Starch depletion and anatomical changes during the rooting of Castanea sativa Mill. cuttings

The allelopathic potential of erica australis l. and e. arborea l.

Coniferyl alcohol from callus ofCastanea sativa cultured in vitro