We derive and discuss a general, but simple geographical economics model with congestion, allowing us to explain the economic viability of small and large locations. The model generalizes some previous work and lends itself to analyzing the impact of public policy in terms of infrastructure changes. We show analytically that scale effects (total size of the economy) and changes in the cost structure (fixed and marginal costs) are important from a welfare perspective, but largely irrelevant from an economic dynamics perspective.

From the PUBLISHER and EDITOR.

This paper sets out the historical background to the July 15 coup attempt. It outlines the Turkish armed forces’ age-old interventionist tendencies and argues that this is driven by three overlapping impetuses. The first is concerns over its civilian colleagues’ policy towards external threats and internal dissent. The second is the military’s promotion of its own version of Islamic practice and identity. The third is its determination to protect and, where possible, advance its economic interests. The fact that a faction of the Turkish military took up arms against the government on July 15 this year is perhaps not quite as surprising and extraordinary as many have suggested. Despite their rigid hierarchies, militaries are not the unitary, undifferentiated organs that they are often assumed to be – nor do these internal divisions remain permanently subsumed beneath civilian authority. Instead, there are endemic tensions between the forces of state and the force of arms. Some political systems manage these better than others, but all are – given the right set of circumstances – vulnerable to sections of their armed forces taking direct action. As this paper will demonstrate, Turkey is no different, and has been no different for as far back as you might wish to go. In the following pages, I will set out this background of interventionism, before going on to discuss the challenge that the AK Party has presented to both the armed forces’ internal unity and their political role. It then presents three key imperatives which explain the coup attempt itself – the resistance of external pressure/internal dissent, the promotion of a certain version of Islam and the promotion of the military’s commercial interests. As we shall see, none of these is new and each has been a regular driver of similar interventions in the past. A Historical Perspective on the July 2016 Coup Attempt in Turkey

A Historical Perspective on the July 2016 Coup Attempt in Turkey

INTRODUCTION In a general sense, the financial system is a collection of financial instruments, markets, institutes that provide a redistribution of financial resources between economic agents who have a scarcity or surplus of funds. The basic functions of the financial system are the accumulation of temporarily redundant funds and their transformation into investments; risk management; information function; monitoring; reduction in business expenditures 1 . Their effective implementation creates favorable conditions for growth of well-being. However, the functions of the financial system are relatively stable in time and space, while financial institutes are transforming and their functions are changing 2 . The sphere of their activity – the financial system – remains unchanged. This is due to the fact that under the influence of globalization, technological change and innovations, the financial system acquires new characteristics, properties, elements, as new financial instruments and innovations appear in the financial environment, and shifts in demand for them occur. As a result, competition between financial instruments and financial innovations leads to the expansion of functionalities of the financial system, increases the efficiency of its functioning and modifies the role of the financial system in the economy. Features of the implementation of the functions of the financial system determine the nature of its functioning, which depends on structural and organizational characteristics. The structure characterizes the composition of the financial system, the nature of the relationships of its segments and the elements that ensure its integrity, the preservation of

/pdf/modernization-of-structure-of-financial-systems-with-the-ttv7smpwme.pdf

Modernization of structure of financial systems with the development of fintech

Subject and purpose of work: The article presents an analysis of the use of municipal bonds in financing the development activities of local governments in Poland.

/pdf/the-use-of-municipal-bonds-in-financing-regional-economic-102hibsz75.pdf

The Use of Municipal Bonds in Financing Regional Economic Development in Poland

In modern conditions, the speed and efficiency of management decisions are largely dependent on the speed of collection, processing, analysis and transmission of information about financial results formed in the accounting and analytical system of the company. The success of any business depends on efficiently organized accounting. Accounting is declared as a financial indicator of the activities of an enterprise and its financial position. It is very difficult to assess the work of the accounting department, but a system of correctly built key performance indicators (KPI) comes to the rescue. The task of KPI is to make life easier for the head of the enterprise, the owner of the business and ordinary employees. The development of KPI for non-selling departments, and especially for accounting, causes difficulties for most managers who, on the one hand, want to get a tool of control and motivation, but, on the other hand, do not fully understand how they can influence the work of the accounting department, and the outspoken negative of most accountants, for whom KPI were nevertheless set, as they are nothing for them but additional useless scribbling. And so far, only a small number of managers and accountants, mainly in foreign companies, can enjoy the effect of correctly established KPI for the accounting service. KPI help build a monitoring system for the work performed by the accounting service. The main task of the effective construction of accounting for construction companies is correctly selected key performance indicators to control the accuracy of accounting data and timely performed business operations by the accounting service. According to the economic and financial terminology, KPI is the mathematical relationship of the result of work on the means and methods of its implementation, as well as the quality and quantity of resources used. As a result of calculating the dependence, you can understand how close we are to achieving a particular goal and whether we are moving on the right way.

https://cibg.org.au/article_10373_ce56d7807fa5d38a113501a0d8661158.pdf

Building of effective accounting for construction companies using key performance indicators (KPI)

The Development of the Financial System

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The Development of the Financial System