Global forest resources assessment 2000 : main report

Atlas of the Vegetation of Madagascar - by Justin Moat and Paul Smith

This review attempts to synthesize the available literature on tropical dry forests and their dynamics in the context of climate change and thereby identifies possible gaps and priority areas for further research and management endeavors. Tropical dry forests (TDFs) occur in dryland environments, which are characterized by prolonged periods of dry months. They experience distinct seasonality and high inter-annual variability in climatic variables, particularly rainfall. Despite the enormous ecological and livelihood importance of TDFs, these forests are highly threatened by global changes. So far, they have received far less attention from research and development interventions as compared to the humid tropical forests. Their significance is still overlooked in many countries’ national policies. Current modeling frameworks show that drought, precipitation, and temperature are highlighted as strong drivers of tree growth and/or mortality in these forests. Well-valued and sustainably managed TDFs have the potential to contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation, buffer against erosion and desertification, and contribute to economic development, food security, and poverty alleviation. TDFs suffer notable disregard from research and development strategies. Thus, greater awareness and appropriate policies and investments are needed at various levels to counteract the increasing vulnerability of people, forest ecosystems, and species living in these fragile ecosystems. Further research is also needed to generate knowledge on the status and significances of TDFs and their responses in the face of the changing climate so as to bring their sustainable management to the attention of policymakers and managers.

/pdf/tropical-dry-forest-dynamics-in-the-context-of-climate-gw7d73pyzg.pdf

Tropical dry forest dynamics in the context of climate change: syntheses of drivers, gaps, and management perspectives

Globally, 1.5 billion people use or trade non-timber forest products (NTFPs) with the majority of NTFP use and trade occurring at local and regional scales, generally invisible to researchers and policy makers. NTFPs cannot be measured by monetary estimations alone, as they have significant subsistence and sociocultural importance and are commonly one part of multifaceted, adaptive livelihood strategies. In spite of low-cost substitutes, both rural and urban people continue to use select forest resources for medicine, crafts, rituals, and food. And as drought, disease, famine, and conflict escalate globally, growing numbers of displaced and marginalized people depend upon forest resources for survival. In general, forests managed for timber and NTFPs retain more biodiversity and resilience than forest plantations or forests managed for industrial timber. Forests that harbor NTFPs also protect ecosystem services such as hydrological functions and soil retention and act as a buffer against climate variability. Land use change through logging, fire, and agribusiness is contributing to the degradation of forests, resulting in declining access to NTFPs for local communities. Land stewards can mitigate detrimental impacts to NTFPs by employing multiple-use management practices that emphasize ecosystem services and community needs in addition to traditional forestry outputs (timber and non-timber). For multiple-use forestry to be applied broadly, forest policies need to be cross-sectoral and scale sensitive to lessen regulatory obstacles for small holders and for common pool/property systems. In addition, forestry training needs to include a stronger social focus and improved understanding of the ecology, use, and societal and ecosystem service values of NTFPs.

From Lifelines to Livelihoods: Non-timber Forest Products into the Twenty-First Century

Tropical dry woodlands are rapidly being lost to agricultural expansion, but how deforestation dynamics play out in these woodlands remains poorly understood. We have developed an approach to detect and map high-level patterns of deforestation frontiers, that is, the expansion of woodland loss across continents in unprecedented spatio-temporal detail. Deforestation in tropical dry woodlands is pervasive, with over 71 Mha lost since 2000 and one-third of wooded areas located in deforestation frontiers. Over 24.3 Mha of deforestation frontiers fall into what we term ‘rampant frontiers’. These are characterized by drastic woodland loss and conditions favourable for capital-intensive agriculture, as seen in the South American Chaco and Southeast Asia. We have found many active and emerging frontiers (~59% of all frontiers), mostly in the understudied dry woodlands of Africa and Asia, where greater frontier monitoring is needed. Our approach enables consistent, repeatable frontier monitoring, and our global frontier typology fosters comparative research and context-specific policymaking. Agricultural expansion is responsible for tree loss in tropical dry woodlands, but the dynamics of such loss are not well understood. This study presents a global, high-resolution assessment of deforestation dynamics in dry woodlands and provides a tool for consistent monitoring. 

https://zenodo.org/record/6651680/files/Buchadas_et_at_2022_UniRep.pdf

Uncovering major types of deforestation frontiers across the world’s tropical dry woodlands

SUMMARY The dry forest biome covers extensive areas of the global tropics. However, the understanding of these forest formations from both human and biophysical perspectives varies widely both geographically and in terms of disciplinarity. While considerable resources have been made available for the sustainable management of the humid tropical forests, there has been a lack of comparable sustained attention on their dry forest equivalents. This special issue is an attempt to provide further insights into the state of the knowledge of global dry forests, and identify research gaps that could contribute to their long-term sustainability, both for human well-being and ecological integrity.

/pdf/global-dry-forests-a-prologue-31j8g3dqg9.pdf

Global dry forests: a prologue

/pdf/power-profits-and-policy-a-reality-check-on-the-prunus-3rbs8ub78p.pdf

Power, profits and policy: A reality check on the Prunus africana bark trade

Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe)

Pausinystalia johimbe (K.Schum) Pierre ex Bielle is a tree native to coastal forests of Central-Africa, with a range extending from southeast Nigeria to Gabon (Vivien & Faure 1985) and possibly to the Democratic Republic of Congo (Stoffelen et al. 1996). It is a late-secondary tree species of tropical forests that does not attain a large diameter. The bark of P. johimbe has long been used in traditional health care and cultural systems for its aphrodisiac properties. Indeed, the efficacy of the bark in treating organic male impotence has led to the development of a worldwide market for yohimbe-based products (Fig. 4.lA, B). These products are distributed through both pharmaceutical channels and the less regulated herbal medicine markets. Cameroon supplies the majority of the raw bark entering the commercial trade, and recent increases in harvest levels of have led to concerns about the sustainability of this exploitation (Sunderland et al. 1997, 1999, 2000; Tchoundjeu et al. 2004). Although P. johimbe is not listed as threatened (Oldfield et al. 1998), it is likely that current levels and methods of exploitation will result in considerable local scarcity, if not long-term endangerment, of the species.

Ecology and sustainable management of the African aphrodisiac bark, Pausinystalia johimbe

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Global dry forests: a prologue

Power, profits and policy: A reality check on the Prunus africana bark trade

Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe)

Ecology and sustainable management of the African aphrodisiac bark, Pausinystalia johimbe