Chickpea is one of the most economically important food legumes, and a significant source of proteins. It is cultivated in more than 50 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, North America, and South America. Chickpea production is limited by various abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, salt, etc.). Being a winter-season crop in northern south Asia and some parts of the Australia, chickpea faces low-temperature stress (0-15°C) during the reproductive stage that causes substantial loss of flowers, and thus pods, to inhibit its yield potential by 30-40%. The winter-sown chickpea in the Mediterranean, however, faces cold stress at vegetative stage. In late-sown environments, chickpea faces high-temperature stress during reproductive and pod filling stages, causing considerable yield losses. Both the low and the high temperatures reduce pollen viability, pollen germination on the stigma, and pollen tube growth resulting in poor pod set. Chickpea also experiences drought stress at various growth stages; terminal drought, along with heat stress at flowering and seed filling can reduce yields by 40-45%. In southern Australia and northern regions of south Asia, lack of chilling tolerance in cultivars delays flowering and pod set, and the crop is usually exposed to terminal drought. The incidences of temperature extremes (cold and heat) as well as inconsistent rainfall patterns are expected to increase in near future owing to climate change thereby necessitating the development of stress-tolerant and climate-resilient chickpea cultivars having region specific traits, which perform well under drought, heat, and/or low-temperature stress. Different approaches, such as genetic variability, genomic selection, molecular markers involving quantitative trait loci (QTLs), whole genome sequencing, and transcriptomics analysis have been exploited to improve chickpea production in extreme environments. Biotechnological tools have broadened our understanding of genetic basis as well as plants' responses to abiotic stresses in chickpea, and have opened opportunities to develop stress tolerant chickpea.

/pdf/developing-climate-resilient-chickpea-involving-3yb4v70kti.pdf

Developing Climate-Resilient Chickpea Involving Physiological and Molecular Approaches With a Focus on Temperature and Drought Stresses.

Food legumes are important for defeating malnutrition and sustaining agri-food systems globally. Breeding efforts in legume crops have been largely confined to the exploitation of genetic variation available within the primary genepool, resulting in narrow genetic base. Introgression as a breeding scheme has been remarkably successful for an array of inheritance and molecular studies in food legumes. Crop wild relatives (CWRs), landraces, and exotic germplasm offer great potential for introgression of novel variation not only to widen the genetic base of the elite genepool for continuous incremental gains over breeding cycles but also to discover the cryptic genetic variation hitherto unexpressed. CWRs also harbor positive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for improving agronomic traits. However, for transferring polygenic traits, "specialized population concept" has been advocated for transferring QTLs from CWR into elite backgrounds. Recently, introgression breeding has been successful in developing improved cultivars in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), lentil (Lens culinaris), mungbean (Vigna radiata), urdbean (Vigna mungo), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Successful examples indicated that the usable genetic variation could be exploited by unleashing new gene recombination and hidden variability even in late filial generations. In mungbean alone, distant hybridization has been deployed to develop seven improved commercial cultivars, whereas in urdbean, three such cultivars have been reported. Similarly, in chickpea, three superior cultivars have been developed from crosses between C. arietinum and Cicer reticulatum. Pigeonpea has benefited the most where different cytoplasmic male sterility genes have been transferred from CWRs, whereas a number of disease-resistant germplasm have also been developed in Phaseolus. As vertical gene transfer has resulted in most of the useful gene introgressions of practical importance in food legumes, the horizontal gene transfer through transgenic technology, somatic hybridization, and, more recently, intragenesis also offer promise. The gains through introgression breeding are significant and underline the need of bringing it in the purview of mainstream breeding while deploying tools and techniques to increase the recombination rate in wide crosses and reduce the linkage drag. The resurgence of interest in introgression breeding needs to be capitalized for development of commercial food legume cultivars.

/pdf/current-perspectives-on-introgression-breeding-in-food-3rk98xih8w.pdf

Current Perspectives on Introgression Breeding in Food Legumes.

Screening for cold and heat tolerance in cool season food legumes [Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba]

Access to crop biodiversity is foremost to address new challenges to agricultural production. The chickpea genetic resources maintained at ICRISAT genebank have been characterized for morpho-agronomic traits. The passport and characterization data were used to form representative subsets: core/mini core collections and genotyping data of composite collection was used to form﻿ reference set. The chickpea core and mini core collections, respectively, consist of 1956 and 211 accessions, while reference set 300 accessions. These subsets are ideal genetic resource to dissect population structure and diversity, identify new sources of variations, mine allelic variation, and condu﻿ct association genetics to identify QTLs associated with agronomic traits which upon validation may be used in applied breeding. Using mini core collection, a number of accessions with early maturity, high yield and large seed size, seed nutritional traits, and stress tolerance were identified, including some with high yield and multiple stress tolerance. A systematic program is underway to introgress wild Cicer gene(s) to enhance levels of resistance and to broaden the genetic base of cultigen genepool.

/pdf/managing-and-discovering-agronomically-beneficial-traits-in-203u5ntctx.pdf

Managing and Discovering Agronomically Beneficial Traits in Chickpea Germplasm Collections

Twenty-five (25) genotypes of five wild Cicer species (Cicer judaicum, Cicer bijugum, Cicer cuneatum, Cicer echinospermum and Cicer reticulatum) were screened for resistance to ascochyta blight disease caused by Ascochyta rabiei, by artificially inoculating the germplasm under glasshouse. Highly significant effect (P 50% of accessions collection). All five C. judaicum accessions are resistant to A. rabiei isolates, two resistant accessions in the wild species C. echinospermum (ILWC0 and ILWC246) and three accessions in C. reticulatum (ILWC81, ILWC104 and ILWC247), C. cuneatum (ILWC37, ILWC40 and ILWC232) and C. bijugum (ILWC195, ILWC285 and ILWC286).

An assessment of wild Cicer species accessions for resistance to three pathotypes of Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. in Algeria

Michelia champaca L. is a woody ornamental tree species which has high commercial value to be used as a basic material for perfume, cosmetic, and medicine. The development of an efficient plant regeneration system for M. champaca is essential for the production of Champaca planting material and precondition for genetic manipulation. Plant regeneration systems of M. champaca through somatic embryogenesis derived from immature seed of M. champaca L. which was successfully developed in this study. MS medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1, NAA produced highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation of (43%). The embryogenic cells proliferated and formed somatic embryos (30%) after four to six months of culture in the same medium. Meanwhile, on germination of somatic embryos, hormone free of MS medium resulted in highest percentage of normal plantlets produced (45%) compared with other germination medium which is containing different GA3 concentrations with ranges from 1 - 8% somatic embryos germinated.

/pdf/tolerance-to-freezing-stress-in-cicer-accessions-under-2b8sealsnz.pdf

Tolerance to freezing stress in Cicer accessions under controlled and field conditions

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Tolerance to freezing stress in Cicer accessions under controlled and field conditions